Durag Guidance Book 2016 on the European Directive 2010/75/EU IED Industrial Emissions Directive

Guidance Book 2016 on the European Directive 2010/75/EU IED Industrial Emissions Directive under the influence of the new European standards Greenhouse Gas Trading ●● Directive 2010/75/EU of 24th November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (IED) ●● European Standard EN 14181 Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated measuring systems ●● European Standard EN 15267 Air quality – Certification of automated measuring systems ●● GHG Emission Monitoring (European-, UNFCCC-Guidelines) (1) 1 Contents The European Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 New European Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions (IED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 WID - Directive on the incineration of waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Waste Incineration Directive requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Emission limit values for waste incineration plants (continuous measurements, standardised at 11 % O2, mineral waste oil at 3 % O2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Emission limit values acc. to WID up to 40 % thermal co-incineration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CProc for combustion plants co-incinerating waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Special Cement Plant Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 LCPD - Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 LCPD 2001/80/EC Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using solid fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using liquid fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using gaseous fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants of gas turbines and gas engines. . . . . . . 15 EN 14181. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 EN 14181 – Quality assurance for automatic measuring equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 QAL 1 – Testing the suitability of the equipment technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 QAL 2 – Installation/calibration testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 QAL 3 – Continuous monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 AST – Annual Surveillance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 EN 15267. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Emission Data Evaluation and Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Validation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Validity of the calibration curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Logging and documentation for verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Classification (required by authority in Germany). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Minimum requirements CEN TC264 WG9 WI264076 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Stationary source emissions – Quality assurance of AMS data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 First Level Data (FLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Standardised first level data (SFLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Abveraged first level data (AFLD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Short-Term Average (STA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Standardises short-term average (SSTA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Validated short-term average (VSTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Validated Long Term Averages (VLTA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 QAL3 procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Calibration range check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Standardisation of concentrations and flue gas flow data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Block averages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Rolling averages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2 System D-EMS 2000 and D-EMS 2000 CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Basic system with the D-MS 500 KE communication unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Price effective compact system D-EMS 2000 CS for small and middle sized plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 System with the D-MS 500 FC DIN-rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 System for direct bus connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Overall system with all available software modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Smaller-sized plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Medium-sized plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Complex plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Greenhouse Gas Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Clean Development Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Monitoring requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Good monitoring practice and performance characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Minimum requirements for electronic evaluation units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Example CDM project AM0028. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 D-R 290 – Dust concentration monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 D-R 320 – Measuring device for dust concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 D-R 800 – Dust monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 D-RX 250 – Combined probe sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 D-820 F – Dust concentration m ­ onitor for wet gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 F-904-20 – Extractive Dust Concentration Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 F-701-20 – Ambient Air Dust Concentration Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 HM-1400 TRX – Total Mercury Analyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 D-FL 100 – Volume Flow Measuring System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 D-FL 220 – Volume Flow Measuring System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3 Contents Glossary 4 AM Approval Methodology AMS Automated Measuring System AST Annual Surveillance Test BImSchV Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes, English: Ordinance for the Implementation of the Federal Immission Control Act CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation English: European Committee for Standardization CER Certified Emission Reduction CUSUM Cumulative Sum control card EN 14181 Stationary source emissions – Quality assurance of automated measuring systems EN 14956 Air quality - Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement method by comparison with a stated measurement uncertainty EN 15267 Air quality – Certification of automated measuring systems, part 1-3 GHG Greenhouse Gas ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO 10155 Stationary source emissions - Automated monitoring of mass concentrations of particles - Performance characteristics, test methods and specifications JI Joint Implementation LCPD Large Combustion Plant Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23.10.2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants LV Limit Value QAL Quality Assurance Level SRM Standard Reference Method TI Air Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft TA Luft, English: Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TPCZ Temperature in the Post Combustion Zone TÜV Technischer Überwachungsverein, English: Technical Inspections Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on climate change VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, English: The Association of German Engineers WID Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 04.12.2000 on the incineration of waste IED Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24.10.2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) Downloads 13. BImSchV http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_13_2013/ 17. BImSchV http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_17_2013/ 27. BImSchV http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_27/ 30. BImSchV http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_30/ AM 00xx http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/index.html CDM projects http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/projsearch.html EN 14181 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=DIN+EN+14181%3a2004 EN 14956 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=DIN+EN+14956%3a2006 EN 15267-1 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=DIN+EN+15267-1%3a2009 EN 15267-2 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=DIN+EN+15267-2%3a2009 EN 15267-3 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=DIN+EN+15267-3%3a2008 ISO 10155 http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ISO+10155%3a1995 Kyoto Protocol http://unfccc.int/kvoto-protocol/items/2830.php LCPD 2001/80/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:309:0001:0021:EN:PDF Minimum Requirements http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/pdfs/Uniform-PracticeEmission-Monitoring.pdf TI Air http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/taluft.pdf VDI 2066 http://www.vdi.eu/engineering/vdi-standards/ VDI 3950 http://www.vdi.eu/engineering/vdi-standards/ WID 2000/76/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:332:0091:0111:EN:PDF IED 2010/75/EU http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:EN:PDF 5 The European Directives European Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions (IED) Directive 2010/75/EU of 24th November 2010 on the integrated pollution prevention and control Integrated approach to avoid or minimise polluting emissions in the atmosphere, water and soil, as well as waste from industrial and agricultural installations, with the aim of achieving a high level of environmental and health protection. The new, over 100 pages long IED recasts seven separate existing European Directives related to industrial emissions into a single Directive (including large combustion plants, incineration and co-incineration of waste, old IPPC Directive). The IED came into force on 6 January 2011 and was required to be transposed into national law by 7th January 2013. In Germany, the Ordinance on Large Combustions and Waste Incinerators was updated on 2nd May 2013. The IED replaces the above Directives with effect from 7th January 2014 and the LCP with effect from 1st January 2016. The emission limit values were significantly reduced in particular for large combustion plants to the part and are structured as follows: ●● Combustion plants using solid fuels (excluding gas turbines and gas engines) ●● Combustion plants using liquid fuels (excluding gas turbines and gas engines) ●● Combustion plants using gaseous fuels (excluding gas turbines and gas engines) ●● Gas turbines and gas engines Industrial installations must use the best available techniques to achieve the highest general level of protection of the environment as a whole, which are developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions. The European Commission must adopt BAT conclusions containing the emission levels associated with the BAT. These conclusions shall serve as a reference for the drawing up of permit conditions. Please find in the subsequent tables the emission limit values according to the directives 2000/76/EC and 2001/80/EC as well as the 2010/70/EU IED, origin www.euro-analytics.de, without any liability. 6 WID - Directives on the incineration of waste The WID 2000/76/EC covered the incineration of hazardous and non-hazardous waste but excluded exemptions for vegetable waste, radioactive waste and animal carcasses. The Directive applies not only to facilities intended for waste incineration (“dedicated incineration plants“) but also to “co-incineration“ plants (facilities whose main purpose is to produce energy or material products and which use waste as a regular or additional fuel, this waste being thermally treated for the purpose of disposal). The Directive did not cover experimental plants for improving the incineration process and which treat less than 50 tons of waste per year. The Directive entered into force on 29th December 2000. Transposition into national legislation was necessary by 28th December 2002. From this date on new incinerators had to comply with the provisions of the Directive. The Directive 2000/76/EC was replaced by the new Directive on Industrial Emissions IED 2010/75/EU with effect from 4th January 2014. Waste Incineration Directive requirements Emission standards shall be regarded as having been complied with, if within one calendar year ●● All daily averages do not exceed the daily emission limit values set out in the tables below ●● Either all validated half-hourly averages do not exceed the half-hour limit values in column A ●● Or 97 % of the validated half-hourly averages do not exceed the 97% limit values in column B ●● For carbon monoxide (CO): - 97 % of all daily averages of CO do not exceed 50 mg/Nm3 - Either 95 % of all CO 10-minutes values do not exceed 150 mg/Nm3 - Or all CO half-hourly averages do not exceed 100 mg/Nm3, taken in any 24-hour period ●● The 10-minute average value of the temperature in the post combustion zone has to be above 850 °C, or above 1100 °C if hazardous waste with a high halogen content is burnt ●● The half-hourly average values and the 10-minute averages shall be determined within the effective operating time (excluding the start-up and shut-off periods if no waste is being incinerated) from the measured values after having subtracted the value of the confidence interval. The daily average values shall be determined from those validated average values. 7 The European Directives Emission limit values for waste incineration plants (continuous measurements, standardised at 11 % O2, mineral waste oil at 3 % O2), shown in mg/Nm3 Specials Daily Avg. WID 2000 1/2 h Avg. WID 2000 (100 %) <1/2 h-LV A 1/2 h Avg. WID 2000 (97 %) <1/2 h-LV B Daily Avg. IED 2010 1/2 h AVG. WID 2000 (100 %) <1/2 h-LV A 1/2 h AVG. WID 2000 (97 %) <1/2 h-LV B Dust 10 30 10 10 30 10 TOC 10 20 10 10 20 10 HCl 10 60 10 10 60 10 HF 1 4 2 1 4 2 SO2 50 200 50 50 200 50 ≤6 t/d existing plants 1) 200 not included 400 not included >6 t/d existing and all new plants 200 400 200 200 400 200 50 100 2) 150 (95 % at 10 min) 2) 50 (97 %) 100 2) 150 (95 % at 10 min) 2) NO2 CO Remarks: 1) Existing plant full requested for authorisation before 28.12.2002 and put into operation not later than 28.12.2004 2) Alternatively Emission limit values acc. to WID up to 40% thermal co-incineration Limit value calculation for solid, liquid and biological waste according to the following formula, if no specific limit value has been defined. If waste incineration is the main purpose of a co-incineration plant it shall be treated as a normal incineration plant. If the heat release from the waste incineration is less than 10% of the total heat release it is set to equal 10%. & SURF 9SURF 9SURF 8 & ZDVWH 9ZDVWH 9ZDVWH & CProc for combustion plants co-incinerating waste Pollutant Plant specification Fuel Dust Thermal input [MW] Solid fuels with < 50 the exception of 50 to 100 biomass (O2 content 6 %) 100 to 300 > 300 Biomass < 50 (O2 content 6 %) 50 to 100 CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] transitional ruling 1) CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] existing plants as of 01.01.2016 2) CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] new plants as of 07.01.2013 3) 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 20 30 30 25 (peat: 20) 20 30 30 20 10 (peat: 20) 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 20 100 to 300 30 30 20 20 > 300 30 30 20 20 Liquid fuels < 50 (O2 content 3 %) 50 to 100 SO2 EC Directive EC Directive 2010/75 Industrial Emissions 2000/76 Waste incineration 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 20 100 to 300 30 30 25 20 > 300 30 30 20 10 Solid fuels with < 50 the exception of 50 to 100 biomass (O2 content 6 %) 100 to 300 > 300 Biomass < 50 (O2 content 6 %) 50 to 100 not included not included not included not included 850 (SAG ≥ 90 %) 4) 850 400 (peat: 300) 400 (peat: 300) 850 to 200 (linear decrease) (SAG ≥ 92%) 4) 200 200 200 (peat: 300, peat with fluidised bed 250) 200 200 (SAG ≥ 95%) 4) 200 150 (fluidised bed partial 200) not included not included not included not included 200 200 200 200 100 to 300 200 200 200 200 > 300 200 200 200 150 Liquid fuels < 50 (O2 content 3 %) 50 to 100 not included not included not included not included 850 850 350 350 100 to 300 850 to 200 (linear) 400 to 200 (linear) 250 200 > 300 200 200 200 150 Continued on next page 9 The European Directives Pollutant Plant specification Fuel NO2 Thermal input [MW] Solid fuels with < 50 the exception of 50 to 100 biomass (O2 content 6 %) 100 to 300 > 300 Biomass < 50 (O2 content 6 %) 50 to 100 EC Directive EC Directive 2010/75 Industrial Emissions 2000/76 Waste incineration CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] transitional ruling 1) CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] existing plants as of 01.01.2016 2) CProc as daily Avg. [mg/m³] new plants as of 07.01.2013 3) not included not included not included not included 400 400 300 (lignite: 400) 300 (peat: 250) 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 150 (pulv. lignite: 200) not included not included not included not included 350 350 300 250 100 to 300 300 300 250 200 > 300 300 200 200 150 Liquid fuels < 50 (O2 content 3 %) 50 to 100 not included not included not included not included 400 400 400 300 100 to 300 300 200 200 150 > 300 200 200 150 100 Remarks: 1) For existing plants before 31.12.2015 and new plants before 07.01. 2013 (New/ existing plant definition see IED Article 30, paragraph 2 and 3) 2) For existing plants as of 01.01.2016 (New/ existing plant definition see IED Article 30, paragraph 2 and 3) 3) For new plants as of 07.01.2013 (New/ existing plant definition see IED Article 30, paragraph 2 and 3) 4) With indigenous fuels alternatively minimum rates of desulphurisation (=SAG) Special Cement Plant Regulation Pollutant Daily Limit Value Dust 30 NOx existing plants 800 NOx new plants 500 HCl 10 HF 1 TOC 10 SO2 50 CO to be defined locally All values are in mg/Nm3 at 10 % O2 10 LCPD - Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants The LCPD covered all combustion installations with a rated thermal output exceeding 50 MW irrespective the type of fuel used with the exception of waste. The Directive shall apply only to combustion plants designed for production of energy with the exception of those which make direct use of the products of combustion in manufacturing processes. “existing plants”: licensed before 1st July 1987 will have to comply with the emission limit values in annex A of the Directive latest 1st January 2008 (exception: no more than 20,000 ­operational hours after 1st January 2008 ending no later than 31st December 2015). “new plants”: licensed after 1st July 1987 but before 27th November 2002, in operation 27th ­November 2003 latest will have to comply with the emission limit values in ­annex A of the Directive. “new new plants”: licensed after 27th November 2002 or in operation later than 27th November 2003 will have to comply with the limit values of part B of the Directive. National, more stringent time and emission limit values possible. LCPD 2001/80/EC Requirements Emission standards shall be regarded as having been complied with, if within one calendar year Existing plants, starting 1st January 2008, new plants until 2002/ 2003: ●● None of the calendar monthly mean value exceeds the emission value A ●● 97% of all 48 hourly SO2 and dust mean values do not exceed 110% of emission limit values A ●● 95% of all 48 hourly NOX mean values do not exceed 110% of emission values A New plants, later than 2002/ 2003: ●● No validated daily average value exceeds the relevant limit values B ●● 95% of all the validated hourly averages values do not exceed 200% of the relevant limit v­ alues B ●● Continuous measurement for SO2, NOX and dust required for plants >100 MW. IED 2010/75/EU Requirements for Combustion Plants The Directive on Industrial Emissions IED 2010/75/EC has replaced the LCPD 2001/80/EC with effect from 1st January 2016. “existing plants”: permitted before 7th January 2013 and put into operation not later than 7th January 2014. “new plants”: permitted after 7th January 2013 or in operation later than 7th January 2014. Emission standards shall be regarded as having been complied with if the evaluation of the measurement results indicates, for operating hours within a calendar year, that all of the following conditions have been met ●● no validated monthly average value exceeds the relevant emission limit values set out in the tables below ●● no validated daily average value exceeds 110 % of the relevant emission limit values set out in the tables below ●● 95 % of all the validated hourly average values over the year do not exceed 200 % of the relevant emission limit values set out in the tables below 11 The European Directives Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using solid fuels with the exception of gas turbines and gas engines, standardised at 6% O2 Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 SO2 < 50 MW 50 - 100 MW not included 850 Biomass 2000 200 200 400 200 < 50 MW not included 600 in general 600 Biomass 300 - 500 MW 50 - 100 MW 100 – 300 MW > 300 MW 200 300 200 before 2015 500 200 50 - 100 MW in preparation 400 400 Biomass 200 200 Peat 300 300 in general 250 200 Biomass 200 200 Peat 300 300 in general 200 150 Fluidised bed 200 200 in preparation 300 300 Lignite 450 400 Biomass, peat 300 250 100 – 300 MW in general 200 200 Biomass, peat 250 200 > 300 MW in general 200 150 Lignite 200 200 200 not included 50 - 100 MW 100 50 50 - 100 MW 100 - 500 MW 100 30 100 – 300 MW 50 25 - 50 MW 30 Limit ­values IED new plants 4) in general < 50 MW > 500 MW Limit ­values IED existing plants 3) in general 25 - 50 MW 400 600 after 2016 Dust 2000 to 400 linear decrease 50 - 100 MW > 500 MW 25 - 50 MW 2000 > 500 MW 100 - 300 MW Limit ­values Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 IED 2010 new plants 2) in general 100 - 500 MW NO2 Limit ­values LCPD 2001 existing plants 1) > 300 MW in preparation 30 20 in general 25 20 Biomass, peat 20 in general 20 10 Biomass, peat 20 20 Remarks: 1) New and existing plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 1 or 3 2) New plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 2 3) Existing plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 2: Permitted before 07.01.2013 and put into operation not later than 07.01.2014 (derogations up to 2016) 4) New plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 3: All plants except paragraph 2 12 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using liquid fuels with the exception of gas turbines and gas engines, standardised at 3% O2 SO2 NO2 Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 Limit ­values LCPD 2001 existing plants 1) < 50 MW not included 25 - 50 MW in preparation 50 - 100 MW 1700 850 50 - 100 MW 350 350 100 - 300 MW 1700 400 to 200 linear decrease 100 – 300 MW 250 200 300 - 500 MW 1700 to 400 linear decrease 200 > 500 MW 400 200 > 300 MW 200 150 < 50 MW not included 25 - 50 MW in preparation 50 - 100 MW 100 - 300 MW Dust in general Limit ­values Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 IED 2010 new plants 2) 400 50 - 100 MW 450 300 450 200 100 – 300 MW in general 200 150 Refineries 450 300 - 500 MW Sonstige 150 Refineries 450 300 300 - 500 MW 450 200 > 500 MW 400 200 < 50 MW not included 50 - 100 MW 50 > 500 MW Limit ­values IED new plants 4) 450 Biomass 100 - 500 MW Limit ­values IED existing plants 3) 50 50 50 30 30 100 > 500 MW 150 25 - 50 MW in preparation 50 - 100 MW in general 30 Refineries 50 100 – 300 MW in general 25 Refineries 50 > 300 MW in general 20 Refineries 50 100 20 20 10 Remarks: 1) New and existing plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 1 or 3 2) New plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 2 3) Existing plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 2: Permitted before 07.01.2013 and put into operation not later than 07.01.2014 (derogations up to 2016) 4) New plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 3: All plants except paragraph 2 13 The European Directives Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants using gaseous fuels with the exception of gas turbines and gas engines, standardised at 3 % O2 Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 SO2 < 50 MW > 50 MW not included 25 - 50 MW 35 > 50 MW Liquefied gas 5 coke oven gas 800 blast furna- 800 ce gas < 50 MW 50 - 100 MW Limit ­values Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 IED 2010 new plants 2) in general aus Raffinerie-rückständen erzeugte Gase NO2 Limit ­values LCPD 2001 existing plants 1) 300 - 500 MW > 500 MW 35 Liquefied gas 5 400 coke oven gas 400 200 blast furna- 200 ce gas 800 not included 25 - 50 MW Natural gas not specified 150 in general 200 300 50 - 100 MW in preparation Natural gas 100 in general 200 Steel indus- 200 try gas Natural gas not specified 150 Refineries in general 200 300 Natural gas not specified 100 in general 200 200 100 – 300 MW > 300 MW Natural gas 100 CO > 50 MW > 50 MW not included in general 5 > 50 MW 200 in preparation in general 5 blast furna- 10 ce gas 10 blast furna- 10 ce gas Steel indus- 50 try gas 30 Steel indus- 30 try gas no defaults 100 Steel indus- 200 try gas 25 - 50 MW 5 100 200 Natural gas 100 Refineries Dust 200 150 300 100 Steel indus- 200 try gas Natural gas not specified < 50 MW Limit ­values IED new plants 4) in preparation in general Refineries 100 - 300 MW Limit ­values IED existing plants 3) > 50 MW Natural gas 100 Remarks: 1) New and existing plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 1 or 3 2) New plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 2 3) Existing plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 2: Permitted before 07.01.2013 and put into operation not later than 07.01.2014 (derogations up to 2016) 4) New plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 3: All plants except paragraph 2 14 Emission limit values (mg/Nm3) for combustion plants of gas turbines and gas engines standardised at 15 % O2 Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 SO2 NO2 CO Limit ­values Thermal input and fuel LCPD 2001 IED 2010 new plants 2) Limit ­values IED existing plants 3) Limit ­values IED new plants 4) < 50 MW not included 25 - 50 MW in preparation 50 - 100 MW not included 50 - 100 MW not included < 50 MW > 50 MW Dust Limit ­values LCPD 2001 existing plants 1) not included 25 - 50 MW Gas turbines, liquid fuels (light and medium distillate) 120 Gas turbines, natural gas Gas turbines, other gaseous fuels > 50 MW 50 50 Natural gas 50 50 120 Other gase- 120 ous fuels 50 Gas engine 120 75 < 50 MW not included 25 - 50 MW > 50 MW not included 50 - 100 MW > 50 MW no defaults in preparation Liquid fuels 90 (light and medium distillate) > 50 MW in preparation Gas turbines, liquid fuels (light and medium distillate) 100 Gas turbi100 nes, natural gas Gas engine 100 Remarks: 1) New and existing plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 1 or 3 2) New plants acc. to LCPD, article 4 paragraph 2 3) Existing plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 2: Permitted before 07.01.2013 and put into operation not later than 07.01.2014 (derogations up to 2016) 4) New plants acc. to IED, article 30 paragraph 3: All plants except paragraph 2 15 EN 14181 The stated European Directives stipulate in the annexes on measurement technology that sampling and analysis of all pollutants is to be carried out in accordance with CEN standards. The associated CEN standard was compiled by the technical committee CEN/TC 264 ”Air Quality”. The EN14181 was approved by CEN on 3rd November 2003 and officially released in July 2004; it has been updated by 30th November 2014. Appendix K of EN 14181:2014 describes the main technical changes between the first and second edition of the standard. EN 14181 defines three quality assurance levels (QAL) and an annual surveillance test (AST) for automated measuring systems (AMS): ●● QAL 1: Requirement for use of automatic measuring equipment that has had its suitability tested (the test complies with EN ISO 14956) ●● QAL 2: Installation of automatic measuring equipment (AMS), calibration of AMS using the standard reference measuring method (SRM), determination of measuring uncertainty / variability of AMS and check for observance of preset measuring uncertainties ●● QAL 3: Continuous quality assurance by the operator (drift and precision of the AMS, verification on control card) ●● AST: Annual surveillance test including SRM measurements to check the uncertainty of the AMS values.   EN 15267-3  AMS  functional  test  functional  test  periodically  Q A L 1  Q A L 2  installation  Q A L 3  Q A L 3  functional  test  periodically  A S T  Q A L 3  Q A L 3  functional  test  periodically  A S T  1 year 3 – 5 years  major plant change  Q A L 3  Q A L 3  Q A L 2  EN 15259 EN 14181 prescribes which characteristics automated measuring systems AMS must possess, and how they must be calibrated and maintained. In addition to the calibration function, the measuring uncertainty - which plays a decisive role in the validation of the measured values obtained during continuous monitoring - is also determined from the data of the calibration experiment. In addition, the requirements for the uncertainty of the measured values obtained with the measuring equipment, which are defined in the EU directives relating to fossil power plants, waste incineration plants and waste co-incineration plants, are checked using a method described in the standard. All new installed automated measuring system AMS must be certified against the standards EN 15267 and must at least allow a lowest certified measuring range of 1.5 times the emission limit value ELV for waste (co-)incinerators or 2.5 times the ELV for large combustion plants. The validated average value is defined as the value calculated from the standardised and referenced average value by subtracting the standard deviation (standard uncertainty) at the daily limit value of the standardised values determined by calibration in accordance with EN 14181. 16 EN 14181 – Quality assurance for automatic measuring equipment ●● Influenced by: - VDI 2066/3950 - ISO 10155 - North American (RATA) requirements ●● Prerequisites: - Suitable measuring instruments - Comparable measuring instruments - Error-free installation - Permanent quality assurance during plant operation. QAL 1 – Testing the suitability of the equipment technology ●● QAL 1 specifies the suitability of a measuring instrument by calculating the total measuring uncertainty in accordance with EN ISO 14956 prior to installation - Standard deviation - Linearity deviation - Reproducibility - Drift - Temperature dependence - Operating voltage effects ●● TÜV suitability test - Cross sensitivities - Response behaviour - Response times - Measuring instrument type QAL 1 values of selected DURAG GROUP devices: Device QAL 1 Total Expanded Uncertainty Uc=uc.1.96 QAL 2 Availability Total Allowed Uncertainty Requirement Percentage of Daily Limit >95 % Value D-R 290 0.52 mg/m3 30 99.4 % D-R 320 0.35 mg/m3 30 97.5 % D-R 800 0.53 mg/m3 30 99.0 % D-R 820F 1.23 mg/m3 30 98.2 % D-RX 250 2.8 mg/m3 30 99.6 % F-904-20 1.3 mg/m3 30 96.4 % HM-1400 TRX 2.53 µg/m3 40 95.7 % QAL 1 requirements: Dust: <22 % daily limit value Hg: <30 % daily limit value 17 EN 15267 QAL 2 – Installation/calibration testing ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● Selection of the measuring location (measuring site report) Correct installation of the measuring instrument Correct selection of the measuring range Calibration of the device using a standard reference method, min.15 measuring points distributed over 8-10 hours on 3 days Determination of the calibration curve or curves under different operating conditions (fuels, load, etc.) without manipulation of the furnace or filter systems (adjusting the burner, slitting the filter hoses or reducing the capacity of the electrostatic precipitator) Calibration curve either as linear regression or straight line from the zero point to the centre of a point cluster Calculation of the fluctuation range as s at the 95% confidence interval Test repeated at least every 5 years and more frequently if so required by legislation or authority (e.g. 3 years for the WID). QAL 3 – Continuous monitoring ●● Permanent quality assurance during plant operation through the operating personnel ●● Assurance of reliable and correct operation of the measuring instrument (maintenance records) ●● Regular checks, at least once per maintenance interval - Zero point, measuring range, drift - Determination of drift and accuracy using CUSUM cards or with an Excel chart - Identification / definition of when manufacturer’s maintenance is necessary for the measuring instrument. AST – Annual Surveillance Test ●● Annual confirmation of the QAL 2 calibration curve ●● Verification of the validity of the calibration curve - Function test - Small calibration using 5 parallel measurements - QAL 2 is to be repeated if AST fails ●● Resetting of the exceedance counter for the invalid calibration range. EN 15267 An automated measuring system AMS to be used at installations shall have been proven suitable for its measuring task in accordance with EN 15267. Using this standard, it shall be proven that the total uncertainty of the results obtained from the AMS meet the specification for uncertainty stated in the applicable regulations. The standard EN 15267 is divided into ●● Part 1: General principles ●● Part 2: Initial and yearly repeated assessment of the manufacturer’s quality system for design and manufacturing ●● Part 3: Performance criteria and test procedures The standard defines a modified implementation of the approval test, such as contacting the test institute, clarification of the range of applications and the announcement of the test at the LAI (German federal immission protection working party). After successfully carrying out an extensive laboratory and a three months field test, the test report will be evaluated in the context of a technical examination moderated by the German EPA. With positive assessment, the certificate is issued by the German EPA for a period of five years and published in addition to the Federal Gazette on the website www.qal1.de as suitable instrument. The quality management system and the production of the manufacturer have to undergo an initial and yearly repeated audit in addition to the standard EN ISO 9001 audit. 18 During the annual audits, inevitably necessary changes of the hardware and/or software of the measuring systems are reviewed and confirmed by further research, if necessary. The manufacturer has to record all performed modifications in a technical logbook. The modifications are divided into the following categories: ●● Type 0: No measurable influence on the measuring system ●● Type 1: No significant influence ●● Type 2: Significant influence, a partial or total review by the test institute may be necessary. See below the minimum requirements for continuously measuring systems from the lab (L) or field test (F): Performance characteristic Performance criteria specific to AMS Tests Dust Hg Volume Flow Laboratory Field test Response time ≤ 200 s ≤ 200 s ≤ 60 s L+F Repeatability standard deviation at zero point ≤ 2,0 % a ≤ 2,0 % a ≤ 2,0 % a L Repeatability standard deviation at span point ≤ 5,0 % b ≤ 2,0 % a Lack-of-fit ≤ 3,0 % a ≤ 2,0 % a ≤ 3,0 % a,c L+F Influence of ambient temperature change from nominal value at 20 °C within specified range at zero point ≤ 5,0 % ≤ 5,0 % a ≤ 5,0 % a L Influence of ambient temperature change from nominal value at 20 °C within specified range at span point ≤ 5,0 % a ≤ 5,0 % a ≤ 5,0 % a L Influence of sample gas pressure at span point, for a pressure change Δp of 3 kPa ≤ 2,0 % a L Influence of sample gas flow on extractive AMS for a given specification by the manufacturer ≤ 2,0 % a L Influence of voltage, at –15 % below and at ≤ 2,0 % a +10 % above nominal supply voltage ≤ 2,0 % a Influence of vibration ≤ 2,0 % a L Cross-sensitivity ≤ 4,0 % a L Excursion of the measurement beam of in-situ AMS ≤ 2,0 % a L b ≤ 2,0 % a L Determination coefficient of calibration function, R² ≥ 0,90 d ≥ 0,90 Minimum maintenance interval 8 days 8 days 8 days F Zero drift within maintenance interval ≤ 3,0 % a ≤ 3,0 % a ≤ 2,0 % a F Span drift within maintenance interval ≤ 3,0 % a ≤ 3,0 % a ≤ 4,0 % a F Availability ≥ 95,0 % ≥ 95,0 % ≥ 95,0 % F Reproducibility, Rfield ≤2,0 % a (>20mg/m³) ≤3,3 % a (≤20mg/m³) ≤ 3,3 % a ≤ 3,3 % a F c d a a L ≥ 0,90 F Percentage value as percentage of the upper limit of the certification range. Percentage value as percentage of the emission limit value. only for laboratory tests currently under verification 19 Emission Data Evaluation and Assessment The evaluation of the continuously acquired emission values must comply with the relevant legal ­requirements, fulfil the requirements of the competent authority and provide the operator with the possibility of having the historical, current and predicted emission values for reporting, conducting evaluations and controlling the operational process of the plant. Essential evaluation criteria include: ●● Continuous acquisition of the parameters and reference values to be measured ●● Generation of standardised, oxygen referenced integral values (10 min, 30 min, 60 min) ●● Validation of the integral values (absolute, percentage) ●● Generation of daily average values (48 h average values, monthly average values) from the validated integral values ●● Monitoring of the equipment failure (maintenance/fault) and logging in the daily and annual statistics ●● Monitoring of the valid calibration ranges and evaluation/logging in accordance with EN 14181 ●● Monitoring of drift and precision of the continuously operating analysers (control charts) in accordance with EN 14181. Validation The (half-) hourly average value is validated at the end of the integration interval from the integral ­values of the raw measurement data by subtracting the measurement uncertainty as a constant value, derived from the calibration (at 95% confidence interval) after the appropriate standardisation (temperature, pressure) and oxygen reference value calculation, from the measurement value. Negatively validated average values will be set to zero. The daily average values are formed as the arithmetic mean of the validated (half-) hourly average ­values. 20 Validation 10 mg/m3 Dust 18 mg/Nm3 Integration 60 min K= 10 21-O2R 21-5 437 273 16.2 mg/Nm3 1 n 5 Vol-% O2 Protocols -10% Integration 60 min n 1 -Concentration: . Minute Values . Integral Values (e.g. 60’) . 24-h Average Value . 48-h Average Value . Weekly Average Values . Monthly Average Values . Yearly Average Values -Mass flow (Totals/ Averages): . Minute Values . Integral Values (e.g. 60’) . 24-h Value . 48-h Value . Weekly Values . Monthly Values . Yearly Values -Statistic: . Limit Values (Percentile) . Time of Operation . Time out of Operation . System Availability (Analysers, Evaluation System) Kval 24:00 437 K Temperature Integration 60 min 100,000 m3/h Flow Integration 60 min M = 100,000 x 106 x 18 O2R= 3 vol% 18 kg/h The integral values will be validated by subtraction of the confidence interval at 95%. The daily averages will be calculated from the validated integral values. Half Hourly Averages Limit: Reference Values NH3 HCL NOx SO2 CO TOC DUST O2 H2O 20 60 400 200 100 20 30 -- -- 9.8 7.6 9.8 7.6 Time mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 Vol% 01:00 0.3 0.4 48.4 2.6 0.0 0.8 0.4 9.7 00:30 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00 03:30 04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 44.8 49.2 49.0 43.9 40.2 39.6 37.8 38.2 40.3 37.8 36.2 40.8 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 2.2 0.4 9.8 9.5 9.8 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.4 9.8 9.8 Flow -- % Nm3/h 7.5 30724 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.6 27184 27493 28300 27594 28550 31073 26735 28777 29949 30279 28668 30700 As requirements, LCPD 2001/80/EU, Annex VIII-A6 and WID 2000/76/EU, Annex III, stipulate maximum values of measurement uncertainty for continuous measuring equipment and the validation of the measurement results. Until now, confidence and tolerance ranges of at least 5 or 10 % were defined for measurement uncertainty. These confidence and tolerance ranges are now inapplicable. The validated (half-) hourly and daily average values are determined on the basis of measured (half-) hourly average values after subtraction of the confidence interval determined by calibration (measurement uncertainty/ variability). The value of the 95 % confidence interval for an individual measurement result must not exceed the following percentages of this emission limit stipulated for the daily average value: carbon monoxide 10 % total organic carbon 30 % sulphur dioxide 20 % mercury 40 % nitrogenoxide 20 % hydrogen chloride 40 % total dust 30 % hydrogen fluoride 40 % 21 Emission Data Evaluation and Assessment Validity of the calibration curve mg/m³ Determination of the calibration curve for the measuring instrument using a standard reference method under different operating conditions (fuels, load, etc.) without manipulation of the furnace or filter systems (adjusting the burner, slitting the filter hoses or reducing the capacity of the electrostatic precipitator). Calibration of the measuring instrument using a minimum of 15 measuring points distributed over 8-10 hours on 3 days. The long period should take all possible aspects of proper operation of the plant ­into account. The validity range for the calibration is specified in the calibration report. Validated average values outside the valid calibration range (No. 6.5 EN 14181) are to be stored with the associated time and with their status and are to be logged at the end of the day and year. In the short period class, the percentage exceedance of the valid calibration range in the current week (Mo. – Su.) are registered and the number of weeks with excessive percentages is registered in the long period class. 10 D-R 320 9 8 7 6 Ŷs, max + 0,2 * ELV 5 4 1,1 * Ŷs, max 3 Ŷs, max valid calibration range 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 mA  ●● Calibration function only valid within the calibration range ●● valid calibration range between 0 and Ys,max plus an extension of 10 % of y (Dach) s, max, or to 20 % of ELV, whichever is greater ●● New calibration QAL2 necessary within six months if >5 % of all values per week lie above the valid calibration range for more than 5 weeks or >40 % of all values lie above the valid calibration range for at least one week ●● Extrapolation of higher values permitted. 22 Logging and documentation for verification Daily reports with all integral values incl. status information Monthly reports with all daily average values (48 h average values) incl. status information. Annual reports with all monthly average values incl. status information Statistics reports with information on limit value exceedances, availability of the AMS, failure of waste gas cleaning equipment and the emitted emission quantity ●● Documentation of failure of AMS for the operator’s information ●● CUSUM, Shewhart or EMWA card to verify drift and precision of the AMS at the zero point and reference point ●● Complete documentation of the AMS by the operator in accordance with Point 9 Annex C of EN 14181 Correct and legally conformant evaluation/ reporting of continuous measurement and calculation data is no longer possible manually. Modern computer-based evaluation systems are indispensable for fulfilling the specific requirements. These systems are pre-programmed according to the plant type; they acquire, calculate and report all emission-relevant data according to the legal requirements as well as the specifications of the local authorities. A special form of evaluation is prescribed in Germany and can also be activated to expand the EU standard evaluation. ●● ●● ●● ●● Classification (required by authority in Germany) Although all integral values are stored along with the plant and channel status, the principle of classification is still maintained. Classification documents the class frequency distribution for the whole year on a single page in a clearly identifiable way. Limit value exceedances with reference to pollutants are identifiable at a glance. Classification must be referenced to a time starting at 00:00. As an alternative to issuing classification tables, the integral values determined can also be issued as daily, monthly and annual tables. The daily average values are to be determined for the interval from 00:00 to 24:00 if there are at least 12 valid half-hourly average values are available. Every day is declared invalid, in which more than 5 half-hourly average values (WID) or 3 hourly average values (LCPD) are unavailable due to faults or maintenance of the continuous measurement system. If more than 10 days a year are declared invalid for such reasons, the competent authority must oblige the operator to introduce suitable measures to improve the reliability of the continuous monitoring system. Minimum requirements CEN TC264 WG9 WI264076 Stationary source emissions – Quality assurance of AMS data Draft of March 2014: European Minimum Requirements for Data Acquisition and Handling Systems (DAHS) This European Standard specifies requirements for the handling of data produced by an AMS. The main items covered by the standard are given by, but not limited to raw data acquisition, raw data validation, data correction, data averaging, data security, data alarms, data archiving, data display, data access, program validation, data reporting and program integrity. It specifies the minimum requirements for the handling of AMS data, supporting the requirements of EN 14181 and legislation e.g. EU Directives such as IED. The standard does not preclude the use of additional features and functions provided the minimum requirements of this standard are met and that these features do not adversely affect data quality, clarity or access. The scope of this standard begins at the final data output terminals of the AMS and covers the entire process leading to and including the presentation of data to the competent authority. Raw data received in analogue format (4 – 20 mA) or as digital communication (e.g. Modbus, Profibus, OPC) from any AMS or PEMS output shall be continuously sampled at a rate fast enough to ensure no loss in information. 23 Minimum Requirements CEN TC264 WG9 WI264076 The sampling can, never be slower than 1 sample per 10 seconds from each individual source (each individual AMS, typically 1 second sampling rate). FLD - First Level Data, raw data including status signals or average values calculated from the raw data including status signals. Sampling rate not slower than 1 per 10 seconds. Storage in DAHS for at least 5 year in an auditable manner. SFLD - Standardised first level data. First level emission data calibrated and normalised using first level peripheral data (these values are not for reporting, but for information of the operator) AFLD - Averaged first level data, calculated for the STA averaging time from all valid FLD values STA - Short Term Averages (typically 10, 30, 60 minutes) are calculated from first level data if 2/3 or more FLD-values are available. Verification, that STA is within the calibration range (EN14181 QAL 2). Storage in DAHS at least 5 years in an auditable manner. SSTA- Standardised short-term average. Short-term average of emission data calibrated and converted to standard conditions using short-term average peripheral data VSTA- Validated short-term average. Standardised short-term average with the relevant confidence interval subtracted to comply with EU Directive reporting requirements VLTA – Validated Long Term Average (typically daily, 48-hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly). The averages are calculated from validated short-term averages. Valid if ¼ or more VSTA-values are available, storage in DAHS at least 5 years in a auditable manner. Depending on the regulations, averages can be calculated as block averages and / or rolling averages First Level Data (FLD) The FLD values are the first set of data to be stored in permanent storage. Data in the FLD-storage can be identical to the raw data, i.e. unprocessed as they are received from the AMS or PEMS, or they can be scaled to units representing concentration or process parameters. Standardised first level data (SFLD) The SFLD is determined by applying the calibration function and the conversion to standard conditions directly to the FLD. This provides a short time period data set, which can be used by the operator for process/abatement control or optimisation. The DAHS shall make it clear that averaging these SFLD over the STA period could give a different answer to the SSTA, and shall not be used for compliance assessment. Averaged first level data (AFLD) The average first level data shall be calculated for the STA averaging time from all valid FLD values. Negative FLD values shall be included in the calculation of the averaged FLD. If the FLD value is an average of raw data the FLD average has to be calculated from the FLD values weighted by the time coverage of each FLD value. Short-Term Average (STA) Short-term averages are the shortest period of averages the plant shall report to the authorities. According to variations in different EU Directives this can be 10 minutes, 30 minutes or 1 hour, depending on the type and application of the plant. The calibration function determined in QAL2 according to EN 14181 shall be used to calculate the short-term averages (STA) on the basis of the averaged FLD. 24 The STA shall be evaluated if valid FLD is available for at least two-thirds of the STA averaging time. The DAHS shall automatically log and report monthly the amount of time where exceedance of the measurement range has taken place, and the total time where data has been capped may not exceed 2 % of the total operation time in each individual calendar month. Standardises short term averages (SSTA) The SSTA is calculated by normalising the STA emission values with STA peripheral values, such like oxygen, temperature, pressure and moisture. Validated short-term average (VSTA) The validated STA (VSTA) shall be calculated by subtracting the uncertainty from the standardised STA in accordance with the procedure laid down in the national legislation. NOTE: The EU Directives prescribe that, before reporting the concentration of any pollutant to the authorities, the measurement uncertainties in the form of 95 % confidence intervals shall be subtracted from the measurement value, for compliance reporting only. Different countries have different interpretation of this, and consequently different procedures of doing it. The method of subtracting and the value of the uncertainty shall be stated in the report and stored in the event log. Validated Long Term Averages (VLTA) Long-term averages are any longer periods of averages the plant shall report to the authorities. According to variations in different EU Directives the averaging period can be 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 1 quarter or 1 year, depending on the type and application of the plant. The long-term average is calculated as the arithmetic mean of sufficient numbers of validated shortterm averages (VSTA), to make up the period of the long-term average. If the plant operator shall report according to legal local time (LLT), the daily average shall be calculated as follows: for the day switching from LST to DST, where one hour is lost, the daily average shall be calculated from the STA values within the 23 h time period; for the day switching from DST to LST, where one hour is gained (duplicated), the daily average shall be calculated from the STA values within the 25 h time period. QAL3 procedure The QAL3 procedure should be performed in the DAHS, the necessary input data (measurement at zero and span point) shall either be automatically or manually entered into the DAHS. The DAHS reporting shall include all data related to the entire QAL3 process. Calibration range check Verification that the STA-measurement is within the calibration range as specified during the last valid QAL2 according to EN14181. 25 Minimum Requirements CEN TC264 WG9 WI264076 Standardisation of concentrations and flue gas flow data Measured concentrations shall be standardised only as SSTA-values (typically 10, 30, 60 minutes) since SSTA values are the only values validated by a calibration according to QAL2 procedure from EN14181. Standardisation can include: ●● Correction to reference oxygen levels ●● Correction for temperature ●● Correction for pressure ●● Correction for water vapour The SSTA-value of the pollutant mass flow shall be calculated from SSTA-values of the concentration and the flue gas flow at same conditions. The annual emission is calculated by summation of the SSTA-values of the pollutant mass flow. Flue gas flows are for instance used for the calculation of the pollutant mass flow for reporting to the authority or calculation of the emission limit value in cases that two or more combustion plants are connected to one stack. Block averages Where averages are ‘block‘ type averages, periods will commence as detailed below Averaging period Starting time (unless otherwise specified by local legislation or permit) Calculation basis ≤ 1 min for FLD Minute averages start at the first second of the minute. Aver- Raw data ages less than 1 min start at the first second of the minute and subsequent intervals, e.g. for a 5 s period at 0 s, 5 s, 10 s, 15 s etc. ≤ 1 h for STA Hourly averages start at the first minute of the hour. Averages less than 1 h start at the first minute of the hour and subsequent intervals, e.g. for a 10 min period at 0 min, 10 min, 20 min etc. FLD 1-day Daily averages start at 00:00:00 LLT of the day. VSTA 48 h 48-h-averages start at 00:00:00 LLT on the first day of the calendar year and then every second day. VSTA 1 month Monthly averages start at 00:00:00 LLT on the first day of the VSTA calendar month. 1 year Annual averages start at 00:00:00 LLT on the first day of the calendar year VSTA Rolling averages Where averages are rolling averages, the average commences N periods prior to the actual moment in time that the period ends and has a resolution indicated in the table below. For example, for 10 min rolling averages, a value is recorded every minute that represents the average of the previous ten 1-min-averages. 26 Averaging period Calculation frequency (unless otherwise specified by local legislation or permit) Calculation basis (unless otherwise specified by local legislation or permit) Multiples of periods less than 1 h, i.e. 10 min every FLD period FLD 1h every FLD period FLD 1 day every STA period VSTA 48 h every STA period VSTA 1 month daily VSTA 1 year monthly VSTA System D-EMS 2000 and D-EMS 2000 CS A modular system applicable for plants of any size ●● Suitability tested by TÜV Rheinland and certified acc. to EN 15267-2 ●● MCERTS certified ●● Software available in 19 languages Emission evaluation in accordance with German requirements (TI Air, 1., 2., 13., 17., 27., 30. and 31. BImSchV) as well as the European Directive 2010/75/EU, considering EN 14181 and European Minimum Requirements TC 264 WI 264076 (E) draft 2011. The D-EMS 2000 system can be freely configured according to the needs of the plant and the requirements of the operator. The system is modular structured, fulfils the current requirements, is prepared for future guidelines and can be expanded after installation by further software as well as hardware components. The heart of the D-EMS 2000 is the Server as a PC in an industrial 19” design. It uses 2 server hard disks in a Raid 1 configuration to ensure a high level of reliability and t­ ogether with the D-MS 500 KE data communication unit, facilitates compliance with the legally prescribed availability of 99 %. The system can be composed of: ●● the D-MS 500 KE communication units ●● the D-MS 500 FC DIN rails ●● a bus connection directly to the PC or via the D-MS 500 KE ●● D-EMS 2000 CS as closed network compatible emission evaluator or data acquisition unit both with value visualisation at site. ●● or a combination of the above options If the D-MS 500 KE is used, there is intermediate data storage for up to 96 days. If the connection to the PC or the PC itself is faulty, after re-establishing communication all data are automatically calculated, stored in the system in the correct chronological order, the official reports created and r­ emote emission monitoring transmission automatically executed without downtime. R Me ing m 6 Y ory ea rs D -E S M 0 0 20 A m us S 20 b U 4- od FIB A M O CU n R P OP la E S C A m us S 20 b U 4- od FIB M O PC n R P O la E /I P TC R Me ing >3 mor 2d y ay s R Me ing >3 mor 2d y ay s P D -M S 50 0 E K ..8 00 20 S t M en -E li D C e g ar h C y) in rit o on h rs ut Pe (A 1. w 00 20 S t M en -E li D C w w 00 20 S t M en -E li D C R Me i n g >5 mor ye y ars D Sy st Ra em id 1 -E S M 20 00 P /I P TC io ad ck R lo c ER V R SE Ba c on kup HD ext /SS . D 27 System D-EMS 2000 and D-EMS 2000 CS Basic system with the D-MS 500 KE communication unit FGC boiler dust, SO2 , CO, O2 ,T Modbus PROFIBUS Elan 4-20 mA binary TCP/IP OPC UA ring memory minimal 96 days second values D-MS 500 KE Data Communication Unit control room Environmental dept. Management Serial TCP/IP D-EMS 2000 Server Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s RAID 1 data network graphics printer DCF77 GPS D-EMS 2000 RED External Redundant Data Storage System D-MS 500 KE data communication unit with ring memory ●● 19“/3HU housing or desktop design ●● 3x serial (RS-232 or RS-485) ●● 1 service interface RS-232 for PC (laptop), hyper terminal ●● 1 Ethernet TCP/IP interface ●● Internal ring memory 32 days (optional 64/96 days) ●● Operating voltage 115/230 VAC / 50/60 Hz / 100 VA. 28 official protocols daily logs monthly logs yearly logs yearly emission statistic logs line diagrams current/ forecast values correlation diagrams additional logs post calculations custom masks Price effective compact system D-EMS 2000 CS for small and middle sized plants FGC boiler dust, SO2 , CO, O2 ,T 4-20 mA binary Modbus PROFIBUS Elan D-EMS 2000 CS TCP/IP OPC UA official protocols daily logs monthly logs yearly logs graphics yearly emission statistic logs line diagrams current/ forecast values printer correlation diagrams additional logs post calculations custom masks DCF77 GPS D-EMS 2000 RED External Redundant Data Storage System D-EMS 2000 CS ●● Compact system, no additional evaluation PC required ●● 19”/3HU housing ●● Windows 7 & 8 operating system ●● 3x serial (RS-232 or RS-485) ●● 1 Ethernet interface ●● 2 USB Interfaces ●● Radio/GPS controlled clock ●● Modern flash memory technology instead of hard disks 29 System D-EMS 2000 and D-EMS 2000 CS System with the D-MS 500 FC DIN-rail FGC boiler dust, SO2 , CO, O2 ,T 4-20 mA binary TCP/IP DIN-rail modules control room NO memory function Environmental dept. Management RS-485 TCP/IP D-EMS 2000 Server Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s RAID 1 data network graphics printer DCF77 GPS official protocols daily logs monthly logs yearly logs yearly emission statistic logs line diagrams current/ forecast values correlation diagrams additional logs post calculations custom masks D-EMS 2000 RED External Redundant Data Storage System D-MS 500 FC data communication without ring memory ●● DIN rail modules ●● 4-20 mA interfaces, binary (for process) ●● RS-485(up to 1000 m) or TCP/IP connection to the system workstation ●● Operating voltage 24 VDC ●● No option for storing raw data and status information outside of the PC. 30 System for direct bus connection FGC boiler NO memory function dust, SO2 , CO, O2 ,T PROFIBUS Modbus Elan control room TCP/IP OPC UA D-EMS 2000 Server Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s Harddisk ring memory 5 years protocols, minute values and integral values raw values resolution 1 s RAID 1 Environmental dept. Management data network graphics printer DCF77 GPS official protocols daily logs monthly logs yearly logs yearly emission statistic logs line diagrams current/ forecast values correlation diagrams additional logs post calculations custom masks D-EMS 2000 RED External Redundant Data Storage System Direct bus connection ●● Modbus RTU / TCP, PROFIBUS, Elan, OPC UA, etc. ●● No option for storing raw data and status information outside of the PC ●● Additional module for official computer testing (bus link) available. 31 System D-EMS 2000 and D-EMS 2000 CS Overall system with all available software modules 4-20 mA, digital, Modbus, Elan, PROFIBUS, OPC UA TCP/IP 4-20 mA digital 1...8 ring memory 1...16 TCP/IP Modbus PROFIBUS Elan D-MS 500 KE D-MS 500 FC NO memory function max. 320/640 A/D-channels / 16 facilities SMS-service D-ER 500 D-EVA Submaster Long Term Data Storage authority D-EFÜ WIN-DEVA Remote Data Transmission D-EFÜ.WWW Office D-PM Data Visualisation Data Representation Internet D-PM.WWW Intranet Email 32 QAL EN 14181 D-EMS 2000 Server Emission Evaluator HD DVD D-RWS D-RED Raw Value Storage CDM/JI Greenhouse Gas Projects D-ER 500 Emission computer for licensed plants D-EVA Submaster central service to control data storage, data provision, network connection and internal communication WIN-DEVA Program to visualise data and reports in the system for convenient graphic representation and evaluation D-EMS 2000 EFÜ Module for emission data transmission to the authority in accordance with the German national interface definition and using the Internet (EFÜ.www) D-EMS 2000 PM Module for representation of the measured and calculated data on HTML-sites on the internet/ intranet and/ or in MS Excel. D-EMS 2000 RWS Module for continuous raw data storage (resolution 1 second). In combination with a redundant data storage system the raw data recorder is not required D-EMS 2000 RED External, physically separated, redundant data storage on an external data storage medium. Required if the raw data recorder and daily report printouts are not used D-EMS 2000 CDM / JI Module to fulfil the UNFCCC requirements concerning data acquisition evaluation and long term storage as well as complete statistics acc. to approved methodologies D-EMS 2000 QAL Module for complete documentation of the AMS, acquisition and evaluation of drift/ precision (QAL3) in accordance with EN14181. D-EMS 2000 MMI Manual data input module for any pre-set values D-EMS 2000 AMS Control Free configuration tool of flow controls (Autocalibration, back purging, etc) D-EMS 2000 CO2 Software module for calculating the CO2 mass emission acc. to the guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to directive 2003/87/EC and the decision dated July 18th, 2007. D-EMS 2000 Cloud SSL secured access to measured and calculated data and reports on the internet from everywhere. D-EMS 2000 Water Software module for acquisition, evaluation and long term storage of water, waste water and/ or rain water for quality control and calculation of quantities (also for verification of authority) with calculation of water loads incl. daily, monthly and yearly protocols. D-EMS 2000 calc Engineering tool for recalculation of results after changes/ adaptions of evaluation regulations and/ or measured values (requires module D-EMS 2000 KDB*). D-EMS 2000 KDB Redundant data base with correction function, allows modifying of implausible or addition of unavailable values incl. commentary functionality for reasons of changes 33 Applications Applications The modular construction of the D-EMS 2000 system allows both very small and very large plants to be designed in accordance with the requirements with very little effort. Even requirements encompassing different locations (company group structure) may be optimally satisfied. Smaller-sized plants D-EMS 2000 CS D-EMS 2000 6HUYHU 1...16 Convenient and cost-effective modern emission data acquisition and evaluation system for small plants such as: ●● Heating plants ●● Combustion plants ●● Small power stations ●● Biomass plants D-MS 500 FC 4-20 mA binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA Analyzers 4-20 mA DCS binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA Medium-sized plants D-EMS 2000 6HUYHU TCP/IP or RS-485 1...8 D-MS 500 KE D-EMS 2000 CS D-MS 500 FC Analyzers DCS Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA 4-20 mA binary 4-20 mA 4-20 mA binary binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA OPC UA Convenient and cost-effective modern emission data acquisition and evaluation system for medium-­ sized and large plants such as: ●● Heating stations ●● Combined heat and power stations ●● Power stations ●● Biomass plants ●● Refinery plants ●● Cement plants. 34 Complex plants D-EMS 2000 &HQWUDO 6HUYHU Data Network D-EMS 2000 D-EMS 2000 Server Plant 1 D-EMS 2000 Server Plant 2 Server Plant 3 TCP/IP / RS-485 1...8 1...8 D-EMS 2000 CS D-MS 500 KE D-EMS 2000 CS D-MS 500 KE 4-20 mA binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA 4-20 mA binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA 4-20 mA binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA 4-20 mA binary Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA D-MS 500 FC Analyzers DCS Modbus, PROFIBUS, Elan, TCP/IP, OPC UA 4-20 mA binary Modular structured and modern emission data acquisition and evaluation system for large and complex plants such as: ●● Large power stations ●● Large refineries ●● Steel industry ●● Chemical industry ●● Municipal utilities ●● Cement plants. 35 CO2 Re Greenhouse Gas Trading n o i t c du The Kyoto Protocol contains a market-based approach to combat climate change in the form of the flexible mechanism emissions trading and generation of tradable emission reduction credits through projects. While many developed countries in the Kyoto Protocol accepted a cap of their total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, developing countries negotiated that their emissions will still be allowed to grow, as more economic growth is needed. In order to facilitate technology transfer to help developing countries in their sustainable development and at the same time assist the investing (developed) countries with a cap to fulfil their commitment projects resulting in emission reductions might be undertaken in developing countries. Such emission reductions are verified by a third party and can be used in a country with a cap on emissions to comply with their emission target. In order to generate emission reductions a project has to prove that its implementation leads to emissions lower than what would have happened in the absence of the project. Examples of such projects are Catalytic N2O destruction in the tail gas of Nitric Acid or Caprolactam Production Plants or methane capture in landfills. The generation of those emission reductions is under very strict supervision of the UN as every emission reduction generated in a developing country that qualifies under the market approach can be used to offset emissions in a developed country. Hence the use of emission reductions generated in third countries by a country with a cap increases the total amount of emissions possible in that country. As a consequence only projects that have a sound environmental basis, generating clearly additional emission reductions qualify for this market mechanism. 36 The Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Article 12 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board (EB, Supervisor of CDM) Approval Methodology (AM) Certified Emission Reduction (CER) Approval Methodology AM0021 "Decomposition of N2O from existing adipic acid production plants" Approval Methodology AM0028 "Catalytic N2O destruction in the tail gas of nitric acid or caprolactam production plants" Approval Methodology AM0034 "Catalytic reduction of N2O inside the ammonia burner of nitric acid plants" Approval Methodology AM0001 "Reduction of CH4 in landfill gas projects" Approval Methodology ACM 0019 "N2O abatement from nitric acid production" The Kyoto Protocol introduced two project-based mechanisms: the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). These instruments were designed to lower the overall cost of participating countries in meeting their domestic emission reduction targets and to help developing countries and countries in transition in their sustainable development by encouraging technology transfer. This will focus on the CDM as laid out in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM grants Annex I parties the right to generate or purchase emissions reduction credits from projects undertaken within non-Annex I countries. In exchange, developing country parties will have access to resources and technology to assist in the development of their economies in a sustainable manner. The rules governing the CDM were finalized in 2003 and are contained in the “Modalities and procedures for a clean development mechanism in the Marrakech Accords, the decisions of the CDM Executive Board and subsequent decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The where consequently adopted during the first Meeting of the Parties in Montreal 2005.The rules governing the CDM state that projects must meet certain requirements in order to qualify as CDM. These requirements include ●● compliance with the normal project approval process and sustainability development criteria, ●● the project validation and registration process (incl. additional requirements), ●● the monitoring requirements, ●● the verification and certification requirements, and ●● the rules governing the issuance of CERs. The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (EB) and the emission reduction credits earned through CDM projects are known as ‚Certified Emissions Reductions‘ (CERs). CDM projects are externally verified and certified by ‘Designated Operational Entities (DOE)‘. A DOE is an entity designated by the COP/MOP, based on the recommendations of the Executive Board, as qualified to validate proposed CDM project activities as well as verify and certify emission reductions. 37 Greenhouse Gas Trading Monitoring requirements N2O Extractive Analyzer N2O D-MS 500 KE Data Communication Unit: with ring memory for redundancy of 32 days D-FL 220 In-situ Analyzer Volume Flow D-FL 100 In-situ Analyzer Volume Flow Temp Pabs Internet www.durag.info In-situ Analyzer Temperature In-situ Analyzer Absolute Pressure D-EMS 2000 + QAL Electronic Evaluation Unit: minimum requirements EN 14181 QAL Good monitoring practice and performance characteristics Accuracy of the emissions monitoring results is to be ensured by installing a monitoring system that has been certified to meet or exceed the requirements of the prevailing best industry practice or monitoring standards in terms of operation, maintenance and calibration. The latest applicable European standards (EN 14181) or equivalent standards, which prescribe the features needed for Automated Measuring Systems (AMS) and how they are to be calibrated and maintained, shall be used as the basis for selecting and operating the monitoring system. The following guidance documents are recommended as references for the Quality Assurance and Control procedures: a) European Standard, Technical Committee Air Quality: Working Document, Air quality – Certification of automated measuring systems (AMS). Part 3: Performance specifications and test procedures for AMS for monitoring emissions from stationery sources, prEN 264022, CEN/TC 264:2005/1. 38 b) European Standard EN 14181: Quality assurance of automated measuring systems, 2004; The European Standard EN 14181 stipulates three levels (see page 10 et seqq) of quality assurance tests and one annual functional test for AMS which are recommended to be used as guidance regarding the selection, installation and operation of the AMS under the monitoring methodology. The AMS must have performance certificate (e.g. TUV; MCERTS), with calculation of uncertainty before. c) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: Bundeseinheitliche Praxis bei der Überwachung der Emissionen. RdSchr. d. BMU v. 13.06.2005 – IG 12 – 45053/5. Minimum requirements for electronic evaluation units: a. b. c. Evaluation unit needs to take into account registration, mean average determination, validation, and evaluation; The system and concept of emission data processing needs to be described; Protocols and printouts are required. Equipment with performance certificate to fulfil the requirements: ●● Extractive Analyser ●● Volume flow meter - differential pressure D-FL 100 performance certificate by TÜV Germany - ultra-sonic techniques D-FL 220 performance certificate by TÜV Germany - temperature and pressure in the stack ●● Evaluation unit D-EMS 2000 performance certificate by TÜV Germany. Example CDM project AM0028 Destruction facility installed in tail gas stream of nitric acid or caprolactam production plant Heat exchanger Process liquid for NO/NO2 gas absorption Air Destruction Facility Tail gas PI AI N2O, NOx Analyser house Ammonia gas FI Ammonia oxidation reactor N2O CO2 NOx (CH4) DeNOx catalyst Cooling water Absorption tower To atmosphere Ammonia oxidation catalyst TI Boiler Tail gas turbine Ammonia FI DeNOx / DeN2O catalyst Cooling water Process gas with N 2O and NO X Hydrocarbon FI AI Project boundary Heat exchanger N2O, NOx (CH4) Clean tail gas FI FI Product for NO/NO2 gas absorption Extractive analyzer for inlet and outlet of N2O Measurement systems for volume flow, temperature and pressure D M -E S 0 0 20 + L A Q 39 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions D-R 290 - Dust concentration monitor ●● Standard system for small to medium dust concentrations, e.g. 20 mg/m3 at 5 m measuring path length ●● Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 ●● Contactless measurement ●● Extremely powerful and stable super-wide band diode (SWBD) light source ●● New SMD electronics with digital Modbus RTU interface ●● Automatic zero and reference point check ●● automatic contamination control and correction ●● Easy adjustment without additional equipment ●● Extremely low maintenance ●● Remote access possible Measuring principle The device operates using the double-pass method according to the auto-collimation prin­ciple. The light beam traverses the measuring distance twice. The attenuation of the light beam by the dust content in the measuring section is measured and evaluated. As light source a super-wide band diode (SWBD) is used which provides more stable measurements in comparison to conventional LEDs. 40 measurements dust concentration, opacity power supply 24 VDC, 0.5 A measuring ranges opacity: 0–20 % ... 0–100 % extinction: 0–0.1 ... 0–2 dust: 0–80 mg/ m3 ... 0–5000 mg/ m3 1) dimensions (h x w x d) measuring head 363 x 185 x 398 mm measuring ­principle transmission weight 17 kg flue gas temperature above dew point up to 250 °C, optional up to 1000 °C, depending on application remarks 1) flue gas pressure -50 ... +20 hPa purge air supply duct diameter 1 ... 18 m purge air quantity approx. 80 m3/h ambient temperature -40 ... +60 °C power supply 115 / 230 VAC, 50 / 60 Hz, 0.37 / 0.43 kW protection IP65, Ex optional dimensions (h x w x d) 350 x 550 x 500 mm measuring outputs 0 / 4 - 20 mA/ 400 Ohm Modbus RTU bi-direktional weight 12 kg digital outputs 2 relays outputs, permissible load 60 VDC/ 30 VAC/ 0.5 A protection IP55 detection limit 0,75 % @ extinction 0 - 0.1  ith reference to one meter of w path length after gravimetric calibration D-R 320 – Measuring device for dust concentration ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● The new generation stray light dust monitor for low to medium dust concentrations Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 Easy installation on standard flange Easy start-up without adjustment Automatic background compensation without light trap Automatic zero and reference point check Integrated purge air monitoring and purge air control Minimum maintenance Remote access possible Digital interface according to VDI 4201-3 Measuring principle The D-R 320 is based on the back-scattered light principle. Thereby the light of a red laser diode illuminates the dust particles in the measuring volume of the flue gas duct. The light scattered backward by these particles is detected and evaluated. A unique feature of the D-R 320 is the automatic background light compensation with means of a patented optical system with dual detector. This allows for an easy and quick installation without any adjustment. A light trap is not required. measuring head power supply 24 VDC, 0.5 A measurements dust concentration dimensions (h x w x d) 200 x 190 x 260/410 mm measuring ranges min: 0–5 mg/m3, max: 0–200 mg/m3 1) weight 15 kg measuring principle back scattering remarks 1) flue gas temperature 0 ... 600 °C supply unit after gravimetric calibration flue gas pressure -50 ... +50 hPa purge air supply duct diameter > 0.7 m purge air quantity 15m3/h ambient temperature -40 ... +60 °C power supply 115/230 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 0.37/0.43 kW protection IP65 dimensions (h x w x d) 480 x 450 x 320 mm measuring outputs 0/4–20 mA/ 400 Ohm, Modbus RTU bi-directional weight 12 kg digital outputs 2 relay outputs, permissible load 60 VDC/ 30 VAC/ 0.5 A protection IP65 detection limit < 0.1 mg/m3 integrated blower 41 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions D-R 800 – Dust monitor ●● Innovative laser-based measuring device with laser technology to monitor small to medium dust emission according to the new European regulations. ●● Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 ●● Easy installation on one side of the duct ●● Long lifetime, as there are no moving parts inside the duct ●● Automatic zero and reference point check ●● Probe with corrosion resitant nano-tech coating ●● Automatic contamination control and correction Measuring principle The D-R 800 works according to the principle of forward scattering. The concentrated and modulated light of a laser diode penetrates the measuring volume. The forward-scattered light largely reflected from dust particles is measured and assessed. measurements dust concentration measuring ranges 0–10 mg/m3 ... 0–200 mg/m3 1) digital outputs 4 relay outputs, programmable, permissible load 48 V/ 0.5 A measuring principle forward scattering digital inputs 2 potential free inputs, programmable flue gas temperature above dew point up to 220 °C detection limit <0.2 mg/m3 flue gas pressure -50 ... +10 hPa power supply 85–264 VAC, 47–63 Hz, 50 VA duct diameter 0.4 - 8 m dimensions (h x w x d) measuring lance: 160 x 160 x 600/ 1000 mm supply unit: 380 x 300 x 210 mm probe length (from flange) 473/ 787 mm weight measuring lance: 7 kg supply unit: 13 kg ambient temperature -20 ... +50 °C purge air supply integrated into supply unit protection IP65 remarks 1) measuring outputs 2 x 0/ 4–20 mA / 500 Ohm, Modbus RTU (RS485) 42 after gravimetric calibration D-RX 250 – Combined probe sensor ●● Single rod measurement probe for simultaneous measurement of - Dust concentration [mg/Nm³] - Volume flow [Nm³/h] - Temperature [°C] - Absolute pressure [hPa] ●● Only one probe/ installation opening in the exhaust gas channel ●● Compact design ●● No moving parts ●● Automatic zero and reference point check Measuring principle The tribo probe measures the electric charge of the incident particles. The measurement of the volume flow is based on the mechanical action principle. The probe has two separate chambers, between which a differential pressure builds up under flow. The absolute pressure in the flue gas is measured by a pressure transmitter in one chamber of the probe. The temperature is measured directly in the centre of the flue gas flow in a separate chamber within the probe with a temperature sensor. Dust concentration is calculated from the t­ riboelectric measuring signal and the volume flow. measurements dust concentration, volume flow, absolute pressure, temperature digital outputs 7 relay outputs, permissible load 48 V / 0.5 A measuring ranges 0–10 ... 0–500 mg/Nm³ 0–9,999,999 Nm³/h 1) 0–200 °C, optional 0–350 °C 900–1,300 hPa digital inputs 6 potential free inputs detection limit <2 % of measuring range measuring principle dust: tribo electric volume flow: differential pressure flue gas temperature above dew point up to 200 °C, optional up to 350 °C, flue gas humidity <80 % power supply 115/230 VAC, 50 / 60 Hz, 50 VA flue gas pressure -200 ... +200 hPa dimensions (h x w x d) probe length probes: 180 x 180 x (340 + probe length) mm 250, 400, 700, 1000 mm duct diameter 0.3 - 4 m weight probe 9.5 kg, electronics 22 kg ambient temperature -20 ... +50 °C probe back purging (option) purge air supply 3 bar protection IP65 insulator purging (option) continuous purge air supply approx. 2 m³/h remarks 1) measuring outputs 4x 0/ 4–20 mA / 500 Ohm, Modbus RTU (RS485)  ue gas velocity >5 m/s fl concentration after gravimetric calibration 43 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions D-R 820 F – Dust concentration ­monitor for wet gases ●● Sensitive system for continuous extractive dust concentration measurement in accordance with the scattered light principle ●● Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 ●● Compact design ●● Very low maintenance requirement ●● High sensitivity ●● Automatic zero and reference point check ●● Automatic contamination control and correction Measuring principle A defined partial current is withdrawn from the exhaust gas current and is continuously heated and diluted with clean, heated air directly in the sampling probe. This immediately lowers the relative moisture and aerosols get evaporated in the heated probe. The partial current is optically measured in the measuring chamber. The signal is corrected by the measured dilution ratio and is thus a measure of the dust content of the exhaust gas. Measuring range Rack frame with control unit dust in operation 0 ... 15 (max. 100) mg/m³ higher on request dimensions (h x w x d) 600 x 1750 x 550 mm (W x H x D) exhaust gas moisture limit value >100 % relative humidity, max. 30 g/m3 H2O as aerosol space requirements 1100 x 1750 x 1100 mm (W x H x D) weight approx. 90 kg protection class IP55 Probe unit 44 dimensions including probe length 600 x 1050 x 1500 mm (W x H x D), weight approx. 40 kg ambient temperature -20 ... 50 °C probe material stainless steel, Hastelloy as option power supply 230/400 V, 50 Hz, 3x16 A, 3 L, N, PE others optional protection class IP65 Connections on control unit ambient temperature -20 ... 50 °C current outputs 4 x 4 - 20 mA, galvanically isolated with common ground measuring gas temperature max. 280 °C measuring air flow 8 - 10 m³/h rate digital contacts 6 x max. 35 V, 0.4 A flange digital input optional via switching contact to external­ly change between measuring/purging 1000 mm, alternatively 1500 mm DN 80 PN 6 special version tube Ø100 mm F-904-20 – Extractive Dust Concentration Monitor ●● Dust monitor especially for wet flues and for the monitoring of blast furnace gas ●● Automatic zero correction ●● Pre-calibrated, unaffected by particle size, colour or moisture ●● Isokinetic sampling ●● Special model for measurement of the dust concentration in toxic and explosive blast-furnace gas available ●● Measurement of very low dust concentrations ●● Emission dust measurement in inaccessible flue ducts with small diameter Measuring principle Exhaust gas laden with particles is extracted from the duct and diluted. The sampling gas passes a filter. A 1⁴C source irradiates the particle laden filter spot. The absorption by the dust is measured and compared with the empty filter spot. measurements dust concentration measuring outputs 2 x 0 / 4–20 mA / 500 Ohm measuring ranges 0–1 ... 0–1000 mg/Nm3 digital outputs 11 relay outputs, permissible load 24 V / 25 VA measuring principle beta ray absorption digital inputs 2 potential free inputs flue gas temperature 0 ... 250 °C, optional up to 500 °C detection limit <0.1 mg/Nm3 flue gas pressure -100 ... +100 hPa power supply 115 / 230 VAC 50 / 60 Hz duct diameter >0.5 m dimensions (h x w x d) 1600 x 800 x 800 mm ambient temperature 0 ... +50 °C, cooler optional weight 250 kg protection IP43 (with filter blower) purge air supply pressurized air 6 ... 8 bar 45 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions F-701-20 – Ambient Air Dust Concentration Monitor ●● A measuring device for the continuous monitoring of the smallest ­concentration of particles in the a ­ mbient air (fine dust) ●● EN15267 certified PM2.5 or PM10 measurement ●● Cost efficient due to low filter tape consumption ●● Extended serial interface, Bayern-Hessen protocol ●● Pre-calibrated, no site-specific calibration required ●● Easy integration into existing air quality monitoring networks ●● Collected particles available for heavy metal analysis ●● Cost savings through low maintenance requirements and remote access Measuring principle The measuring principle of the F-701-20 ambient dust monitor is based on the absorption of the beta rays (electrons) emitted by a C-14 emitter through particles collected from an ambient air flow. In the F-701-20 the pulse rate of the unloaded filter tape is measured before each collecting cycle, then dust is collected on this precise filter spot over a pre-defined period, and finally the pulse rate of the loaded filter tape is measured. The difference between the two pulse rates is evaluated in the device and displayed as dust concentration in µg/m3. 46 measurements dust concentration digital interface RS232 measuring ranges 0–0.1 ... 0–10 mg/m3 detection limit <1 µg/m3 measuring principle beta-ray absorption power supply 230 V, 50/ 60 Hz, 2.9 A 115 V, 50/ 60 Hz, 5.8 A ambient temperature device: 0 ... +40 °C sample inlet: -20 ... +50 °C dimensions (h x w x d) 320 x 450 x 500 mm, 19“-rack mount or desk unit filter tape fiberglas, up to 1.5 years per roll weight 31 kg measuring outputs 2 x 0 / 4 ... 20 mA / 500 Ohm probe tube length standard 2 m 0.5 ... 3 m possible digital inputs 3 potential free inputs sample inlets digital outputs 8 relay outputs, permissible load 24 V, 12 VA PM 2.5 according to EN 14907/12341/US EPA 40CFR50 PM 10 according to EN 12341/US EPA 40CFR50 HM-1400 TRX – Total Mercury Analyser ●● Measuring device for fully-automatic and continuous mercury analysis in smoke gas ●● Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 ●● High operational safety ●● Easy maintenance ●● Low cross sensitivities ●● Speciation module for separate measurement of elemental and ionic Hg as option ●● Automatic calibration module as option Measuring principle In the HM 1400 TRX total mercury analyser the sample gas is converted into mercury vapour by a combination of thermal and dry chemical treatment. This is then continuously measured in a photometer. The probe gas flow is measured after a gas cooler at 2 °C. The concentration is calculated and displayed as “dry flue gas“. measurements total mercury digital outputs 4 relay outputs, permissible load 250 V, 100 VA measuring ranges 0–45 ... 0–500 µg/Nm³ digital inputs 1 potential free outputs measuring principle UV-absorption detection limit <0.1 µg/Nm³ flue gas temperature 0 ... 250 °C power supply flue gas pressure -50 ... +50 hPa 230 VAC, 50 Hz, 1200 VA, sample probe: 650 VA, sample line: 100 VA/m duct diameter >0.5 m dimensions (h x w x d) cabinet 1600 x 800 x 500 mm ambient temperature +5 ... +30 °C weight 220 kg protection IP40 (IP55) purge air supply pressurized air 3 ... 6 bar measuring outputs 2 x 0/ 4–20 mA/500 Ohm 47 DURAG GROUP Measuring Devices for Emissions D-FL 100 – Volume Flow Measuring System ●● Measuring system to measure flow rate in dry emissions with a probe using the differential pressure principle ●● Approved and certified acc. to EN 15267 ●● Reliable measurement of the gas velocity even at high temperatures ●● Calculation of volume flow at standard conditions with the evaluation unit D-FL 100-20 ●● Automatic zero check option ●● Cost effective measuring system ●● Versions with or without counter-suport and for point measurement. ●● Extremely low maintenance, maintenance interval 6 months Measuring principle The D-FL 100 measuring system operates according to the differential pressure principle. The probe has two separate chambers, between which the flow builds up a differential pressure. The evaluation unit determines the gas velocity and the volume flow (standard conditions or norm conditions) from the differential pressure, taking into account gas temperature and gas pressure. 48 measurements flue gas velocity, volume flow 1) protection measuring ranges 0–3,000,000 m3/h/2 - 50 m/s measuring outputs 0 / 4–20 mA/ 500 Ohm Modbus RTU, RS485 measuring principle differential pressure digital outputs 2 relay outputs, permissible load 48 V/ 0.5 A flue gas temperature above dew point, -20 ... 450 °C power supply Sensor power supply 24 VDC ±10 %, 0.5 A, 90 ... 264 VAC, 48 ... 62 Hz (option) flue gas pressure -200 ... +200 hPa dimensions (h x w x d) probe: 380 x 160 x (300 + probe length) mm IP65, Ex optional duct diameter 0.4 ... 8 m weight 32 kg + 6.8 kg/m probe length ambient temperature -20 ... +50 °C remarks 1)  ptional pressure and o temperature correction D-FL 220 – Volume Flow Measuring System ●● Measuring system for ultra-sonic measuring of velocity and volume flow, especially for wet and aggressive smoke emissions ●● Non-contact measurement method ●● Measurement possible below dew point and for high dust concentrations ●● Continuous measurement of normal volume flow and gas velocity ●● Automatic zero point and reference point control ●● Convenient operation via remote access with web interface ●● Operation with or without control unit ●● Very low maintenance Measuring principle The D-FL 220 measuring system operates according to the acoustic transit time method. Two identical transducers mutually send and receive short ultrasonic impulses. The system calculates the precise gas velocity from the direction-dependent transit time difference. The flow rate is calculated taking into account the cross section. The gas temperature and absolute pressure is used to calculate the flow rate under standard conditions. measurements gas velocity and direction, volume detection limit flow in norm conditions or operational conditions measuring ranges 0 - 3,000,000 m3/h / 0 ... 40 m/s power supply 24 VDC, 0.5 A measuring principle acoustic propagation delay dimensions (h x w x d) measuring head housing: 113 x 84 x 188 mm flue gas temperature 0 ... 300 °C weight 17 kg purge air supply <0.3 % of measuring range flue gas pressure -50 ... +20 hPa duct diameter 0.5 ... 13 m, temperature dependent purge air quantity 40 m3/h (50 hPa)/ 60 m3/h (25 hPa) ambient temperature -20 ... +50 °C measuring head -40 ... 70 °C power supply 115 / 230 V, 50 / 60 Hz, 0.37 / 0.43 kW protection IP65 dimensions (h x w x d) 350 x 550 x 500 mm measuring outputs 2 x 0/ 4–20 mA/ 400 Ohm, Modbus RTU bi-directional weight 12 kg digital outputs protection IP55 2 relay outputs, permissible load 48 V / 0.5 A 49 50 DURAG GmbH Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-0 Fax +49 40 58 41 54 E-Mail: info@durag.de VEREWA – A Brand of DURAG GmbH Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-0 Fax +49 40 58 41 54 E-Mail: verewa@durag.de DURAG process & systems technology – A Brand of DURAG GmbH Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-0 Fax +49 40 58 41 54 E-Mail: info@durag-process.de DURAG data systems GmbH Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-3000 Fax +49 40 55 42 18-3099 E-Mail: info@durag-data.com A Brand of DURAG data systems GmbH Branch Office Austria Lastenstraße 36, City Tower 2 4020 Linz, Austria Tel. +43 732 60 99 60-0 Fax +43 732 60 99 60-4 E-Mail: office@utas.at Hegwein GmbH Am Boschwerk 7 70469 Stuttgart Germany Tel. +49 711 135 788-0 Fax +49 711 135 788-5 E-Mail: info@hegwein.de SMITSVONK Holland B.V. P.O. Box 180, 2700 AD Zoetermeer Goudstraat 6, 2718 RC Zoetermeer Netherlands Tel. +31 79 361 35 33 Fax +31 79 361 13 78 E-Mail: sales@smitsvonk.nl DURAG Siena do Brasil Ltda Rua Vinte e Dois de Agosto, 66 Diadema - SP 09941-530 Brazil Tel. +55 11 4071-5050 r.28 Fax +55 11 4077-1718 E-Mail: info@duragsiena.com.br GRIMM Aerosol Technik GmbH & Co. KG Dorfstraße 9 83404 Ainring, Germany Tel. +49 8654 578-0 Fax +49 8654 578-35 E-Mail: info@grimm-aerosol.com DURAG Sales and Marketing GmbH & Co. KG Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-0 Fax +49 40 58 41 54 E-Mail: info@durag.de DURAG Brazil DURAG Siena do Brasil Ltda Rua Vinte e Dois de Agosto, 66 Diadema - SP 09941-530 Brazil Tel. +55 11 4071-5050 r.28 Fax +55 11 4077-1718 E-Mail: info@duragsiena.com.br DURAG France S.a.r.l. Parc GIP Charles de Gaulle 49, rue Léonard de Vinci, BP 70166 95691 Goussainville CEDEX France Tel. +33 1 301 811 80 Fax +33 1 393 383 60 E-Mail: info@durag-france.fr DURAG, Inc. 1355 Mendota Heights Road Suite 200 Mendota Heights MN 55120, USA Tel. +1 651 451-1710 Fax +1 651 457-7684 E-Mail: durag@durag.com DURAG India Instrumentation Private Limited #27/30, 2nd Main Road Industrial Town, Rajajinagar Bengaluru 560 044, India Tel. +91 80 2314 5626, 2301 1700 Fax +91 80 2314 5627 E-Mail: info@duragindia.com DURAG Instrumentation (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Room 706, Dibao Plaza, No. 3998 Hongxin Rd., Minhang District Shanghai, 201103 PR China Tel. +86 21 60732979-200 Fax +86 21 60732980-205 E-Mail: info@durag-cn.com DURAG Italia S.r.l. Via Carlo Panseri, 118 CIM uffici, P. secondo 28100 Novara Italy Tel. +39 0321 679569 Fax +39 0321 474165 E-Mail: info@durag.it DURAG Japan Office c/o TMS Planning Inc. 291-2 Umena, Mishima-shi Shizuoka-ken 411-0816 Japan Tel. +81 55 977 3994 Fax +81 55 977 3994 E-Mail: info@durag.jp DURAG Korea Office RM #1131, Manhattan Building 36-2, Yeouido-Dong Yeongdeungpo-Gu, Seoul Korea Tel. +82 2 761 8970 Fax +82 2 761 8971 E-Mail: info@durag-group.co.kr DURAG Middle East (Branch) Dubai Airport Free Zone 5 West Wing, Office 124 Dubai, UAE P.O. Box  371555 Tel. +971 4260251 0 E-Mail: dme@durag.de DURAG RUSS OOO Andropova avenue 18/6 Office 5-09 115432 Moscow Russia Tel. +7 499 4180090 Fax +7 499 4180091 E-Mail: info@durag-group.ru DURAG UK GmbH Bretby Business Park, Ashby Road Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire DE15 0YZ Great Britain Tel. +44 1283 553 481 Fax +44 1283 553 482 E-Mail: durag.uk@durag.de DURAG Branch North Kollaustraße 105 22453 Hamburg, Germany Tel. +49 40 55 42 18-0 Fax +49 40 58 41 54 E-Mail: durag-nord@durag.de DURAG Branch East Halsbrücker Straße 34 09599 Freiberg, Germany Tel. +49 3731 30 04-0 Fax +49 3731 30 04-22 E-Mail: durag-ost@durag.de DURAG Branch South Weidenweg 16 73087 Bad Boll, Germany Tel. +49 7164 912 25-0 Fax +49 7164 912 25-50 E-Mail: durag-sued@durag.de DURAG Branch West An der Pönt 53a 40885 Ratingen, Germany Tel. +49 2102 74 00-0 Fax +49 2102 74 00 28 E-Mail: durag-west@durag.de Credits: shutterstock.com: (1) IndustryAndTravel www.durag.com 51 © DURAG GROUP 05/2016 · Subject to change without notice Guidance Book 2016 (1) 52