Emerson Conductance Data for Commonly Used Chemicals (White Paper / Reference)

44-6039/rev. B December 2010 Conductance Data For Commonly Used Chemicals CONDUCTANCE DATA FOR COMMONLY USED CHEMICALS From an analytical point of view, little can be done with a conductance reading, however accurate it may be, unless it can be related to chemical concentration via a table or graph. Much data has been generated in the past 100 years in this area, but a comprehensive gathering of the information in a form useful to industry has been lacking1. It is hoped that the following will provide a ready and reasonably accurate reference of conductance values for the majority of electrolytes encountered in industrial situations. The information is presented in graphical form to permit rapid evaluation of response patterns and to eliminate the time consuming and often impractical (because of non-linearity) extrapolation required in tables with widely separated concentrations. This method of presentation sacrifices the precision gained by listing actual values, but the accuracy retained is more than sufficient for the great majority of industrial uses. The intent has been to provide a useful working tool more so than a scientific reference. Most of the data presented is the result of extremely careful and accurate laboratory work conducted by various researchers over the years. It is recognized that older sources of information, notably the extensive International Critical Tables, have been found to be slightly inaccurate due to changes in the definition of basic units in recent times as well as to erroneous alignment procedures and measurement techniques. However, with the previously stated area of application in mind, these minor errors are of little significance and may safely be ignored. A few curves are based on more casual “field condition” observations, and others are derived from data with a low degree of resolution in the original reference. Both will be marked with a single asterisk (*) in the index that follows. All conductance values have been referenced to a single temperature of 25°C for convenience (isothermal plots are given for selected chemicals of major importance). Much of the original data was presented at this temperature, and all sources fell in the range of 15° to 25°C. Where possible, the temperature correction factor was calculated from isothermal equivalent conductances listed in the International Critical Tables. An average was taken over as wide a range as possible from .5N to 5N and 0-25°C. When such a calculation was not possible, the widely accepted “average” of 2%/°C was used. Temperature factors, of course, will vary in a non-linear manner with respect to both temperature and concentration for many chemicals, but the small size of the adjustments render this of little importance. As the majority of corrections involved differentials of only 5° or 7°C, errors introduced from this source will be small. With this in mind, the final effect of temperature correction error deserves further comment. The relative conductance values at various concentrations would not be noticeably affected. The error could be approximately but correctly described as relating to the reference temperature rather than conductance. Too much or too little correction simply means that the curve shown is really that seen at 24° or 26° rather than the indicated 25°. It is not anticipated that errors will exceed the +1° examples given in any except the most unusual cases. No guarantees of accuracy can be given, but most of the data should easily fall within 5% of the correct absolute value. The choice of curve shape through data points will be a factor in some cases, and it is for this reason that the points were clearly indicated. (Some were omitted in the lower portions of the scale for the sake of clarity.) 1 An earlier and excellent series of curves was published for this purpose by Industrial Instruments Inc. It provided very detailed data for a half-dozen or so commonly used chemicals, and has been included in the list of reference sources. NOTES: 1. Concentration is expressed as % by Weight of the anhydrous substance. 2. Conductance units are µmhos/cm. 3. Plotted data points are indicated by circles. 1 SOURCES OF CONDUCTANCE DATA 1. International Critical Tables, Vol. Vl, pp. 230-258; McGraw Hill, 1929. 2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th Edition: CRC Press, 1976. 3. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 10th and 11 th Editions. 4. Graphs published by Industrial Instruments, Inc.; Cedar Grove, N.J. 5. Previously unpublished laboratory measurements performed at Uniloc, Inc., Irvine, Calif. 1970-1976. 6. Miscellaneous information regarding single electrolytes obtained from various reliable industrial sources. 7. Electrolyte Solutions, Robinson and Stokes: Butterworths, 1959. 8. Electrochemical Data, Dobos: Elsevier, 1975. 9. Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Halogen Acids in Water, Hamer and DeWane: National Bureau of Standards Publication NSRDS-NBS 33, 1970. 10.Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Parsons: Butterworths/Academic Press, 1959. 2 INDEX OF ELECTROLYTES Substance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Acetic acid Aluminum chloride *Ammonia/Ammonium Hydroxide *Ammonium bifluoride Ammonium chloride Ammonium fluoride Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium chloride *Barium hydroxide *Barium nitrate Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Cadmium sulfate Calcium chloride Calcium nitrate Cesium chloride Chromic acid Citric acid Cobaltous Chloride Cupric chloride Cupric nitrate Cupric sulfate (Ethylenediamine) Tetraacetic acid disodium salt, EDTA sodium 29. Ferric chloride 30. Ferrous sulfate 31. Formic acid 32. Hydrobromic acid 33. Hydrochloric acid 34. Hydrofluoric acid 35. Hydroiodic acid 36. Iodic acid 37. Lactic acid 38. Lanthanum nitrate 39. Lead (plumbous) nitrate 40. Lithium chloride 41. Lithium hydroxide 42. Lithium iodide 43. Lithium sulfate 44. Magnesium chloride 45. Magnesium nitrate 46. Magnesium sulfate 47. Manganous chloride 48. Manganous sulfate 49. Nickel sulfate 50. Nitric acid 51. Oxalic acid 52. Phosphoric acid 53. Potassium acetate 54. Potassium bicarbonate 55.Potassium biphthalate Chemical Formula CH3COOH AlCl3 NH3/NH4OH NH4F•HF NH4Cl NH4F NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN BaCl2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 CdBr2 CdCl2 Cdl2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CsCl CrO3 (COOH)CH2C(OH) (COOH)•H2O COCl2 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 Na2C10H14O8N2•2H2O FeCl3 FeSO4 HCOOH HBr HCl HF HI HlO3 CH3CHOH COOH La(NO3)3 Pb(NO3)2 LiCl LiOH LiI Li2SO4 MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MnCl2 MnSO4 NiSO4 HNO3 HO2CCO2H H3PO4 KCH3CO2 KHCO3 KHC8H4O4 Maximum conductance and point of inflection at 25°C [µmhos/cm/% by wt.] 1,850/17% — 1,200/5.5% — — — — — — — — — — 30,000/32% 35,000/22% Mol. Wt. (Anhydrous) Graph No. 108,000/32% 51,000/27% 204,000/24% 122,000/25% — 670,000/35% 60.05 133.34 17.03/35.05 57.04 53.50 37.04 144.94 80.04 132.14 76.12 208.25 171.39 261.38 272.24 183.32 366.25 164.10 208.48 110.99 164.10 168.37 99.99 2 6 2 7 13 7 14 13 11 10 8 4 3 9 5 9 9 9 11 9 13 14 7,900/20% — 108,000/23% 134,000/28% — 210.14 (Hyd.) 129.84 134.45 187.55 159.61 2 6 11 8 6 — 96,000/16% 53,000/24% 11,500/30% — 850,000/19% — — — 5,700/15% 97,000/28% — 190,000/21% 380,000/11% — 83,000/18% 160,000/18% — 58,000/17% 130,000/20% 51,500/22% — 865,000/29% — 230,000/50% 150,000/32% — — 372.24(Hyd.) 162.22 15.94 46.03 80.92 36.47 20.01 127.93 175.93 90.08 324.93 331.23 42.40 23.95 133.86 109.95 95.23 148.34 120.37 125.84 151.00 154.78 63.02 90.04 98.00 98.14 100.12 204.23 3 9 6 2 14 1 13 14 12 2 8 8 11 13 7 7 11 6 7 8 5 7 1 4 12 12 7 3 3 INDEX OF ELECTROLYTES (Continued) Substance 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium oxalate Potassium permanganate Potassium phosphate (monobasic) Potassium phosphate (dibasic) Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium thiocyanate Procaine hydrochloride 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. Sea water *Silver fluoride Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque) Sodium dichromate Sodium ferrocyanide Sodium hydroxide Sodium molybdate Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate (monobasic) Sodium phosphate (dibasic) Sodium phosphate (tribasic) Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Sodium tartrate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiosulfate Sodium tungstate Strontium chloride Strontium nitrate Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Tetracaine hydrochloride Trichloracetic acid Zinc chloride Zinc Sulfate 4 Chemical Formula Maximum conductance and point of inflection at 25°C [µmhos/cm/% by wt.] KBr — K2CO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KF KOH Kl KNO3 K2C2O4 KMnO4 KH2PO4 K2HPO4 K2SO4 K 2S KSCN C6H4[COOCH2CH2N (C2H5)2] (NH2)•HCI-1,4 — AgF AgNO3 NaCH3CO2 NaHCO3 NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl Na3C6H5O7 Na(CH3CONH)2C6l3CO2 Na2Cr2O7 Na4Fe(CN)6 NaOH Na2MoO4 NaNO3 NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 Na2SO4 Na2S NaOOC(CHOH)2COONa NaSCN Na2S2O3 Na2WO4 SrCl2 Sr(NO3)2 H2SO4 HO2C(CHOH)2CO2H Cl5H24N2O2•HCI CCl3COOH ZnCl2 ZnSO4 Mol. Wt. (Anhydrous) Graph No. 258,000/34% — — — — — — 288,000/34% 625,000/26% — — — — — — — 535,000/30% — 119.01 138.21 74.55 194.20 65.11 294.21 329.26 368.36 58.10 56.11 166.03 101.10 166.22 158.04 136.13 174.18 174.26 110.26 97.18 13 12 1 10 6 6 13 6 12 14 14 7 7 4 4 4 4 14 10 34,000/32% — — — 78,000/22% — — 103,000/19% — 64,500/23% 18,500/40% 165,000/40% — 410,000/15% — — 60,000/28% — — — 262,000/15% 68,500/24% 206,000/34% 152,000/29% — 198,000/30% 113,000/30% 825,000/30% 11,800/24% — — 104,000/27% 56,500/4% 272.78 — 126.88 169.89 82.04 84.01 102.91 106.01 58.44 258.07 635.92 261.97 303.92 40.01 205.95 85.01 119.97 141.98 163.96 142.07 78.06 194.07 81.08 158.13 293.92 158.55 211.65 98.08 150.09 300.84 163.38 136.29 161.44 5 4 10 12 5 3 10 6 1 5 5 9 10 1 4 11 8 3 4 7 10 5 12 8 4 11 8 1 2 4 10 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF SATURATED SOLUTIONS OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE ELECTROLYTES (SALTS ARE CORRECTED FOR CONDUCTANCE OF WATER) (Data from International Critical Tables, Vol. VI) SUBSTANCE AgBr AgBrO3 AgCH3COC(CN)CO2C2H5 AgCI AgCN Ag2C2O4 Ag2CrO4 AgI AgIO3 AgONC(CN)CO2C2H5 AgONC(CN)CO2CH(CH3)2 AgOOCCH3 AgOH Ag3PO4 AgSCN Agn-Propionate Agdl-Tartratc Ag d-Tartrate Ag l-Tartrate Ag p-Toluate Aragonite Antipyrine Salicylate BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaC2O4•?H2O BaC2O4•2H2O BaC2O4•3.5H2O BaSO4 Barite CaCO3 CaC2O4•H2O CaF2 CaF2 (Fluorite) CaSO4•2H2O CdC2O4•3H2O Ce(IO3)3•2H2O Ce2(C2O4)3•10H2O Ce2(C4H4O6)3•4.5H2O CuI CuSCN Calcite Celestite TEMP.°C SOLUTION µMHOS/CM SUBSTANCE 21.1 19.9 25.0 25.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 20.8 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 24 9 19.5 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 18.0 18.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 18.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 26.1 25.0 25 0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.6 18.0 25.0 25.0 0.075 663.24 251.5 1.794 19.0 35.97 26.61 0.002 101.27 234.6 131.8 4,975 35.944 6.1 0.096 1,924 583.4 989 1009 251.7 41.0 1,000 25.475 4.345 91.62 108.6 94.91 2.923 (avg.) 3.517 35.97 12.37 50.55 45.81 2,210 36.22 636.8 0.651 51.66 2.128 0.4 33.8 147.4 HgCl HgI2 La(IO3)3•3H2O La2(C2O4)3•10H2O La2(C4H4O6)3•3H2O Li2PO3•3.5H2O Li3PO4•0.5H2O MgC2O4 MgCO3 MgF2 Mn(OH)2 Nd2(C2O4)3•10H2O PbBr2 Pb(BrO3)2 PbCO3 PbC2O4 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(lO3)2 Pb3(PO4)2 Pb(SCN)2 PbSO4 Pr2(C2O4)3•10H2O Sa2(C2O4)3 SrF2 SrC2O4 SrSO4 TlBr TlBrO3 TlCl TlC2O4 TlI TlIO3 TISCN TI2S Y2(C2O4)•9H2O Yb2(C2O4)3•10H2O ZnC2O4•2H2O TEMP.°C 24.6 18.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 18.0 25.9 27.0 18.0 25.0 20.0 19.9 20.0 22.0 20.0 25.0 20.1 25.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 19.9 25.0 20.0 25.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 SOLUTION µMHOS/CM 2.13 0.2 (?) 692 953 58.5 274 937 199.3 885.1 270.7 9.49 0.764 3,692 4,630.4 1.39 1.54 53,540 514 338.4 8.75 0.14 5,346 40.3 1.164 0.82 204.6 70.79 147.4 293.8 1,079. 2,160. 5,341. 36.64 154.1 1,399 216 1.74 4.849 10.21 19 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF VARIOUS PURE LIQUIDS (Data from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th edition) LIQUID TEMP.°C µMHOS/CM LIQUID ACETALDEHYDE ACETAMIDE ACETIC ACID ACETIC ANHYDRIDE ACETONE ACETONITRILE ACETOPHENONE ACETYL BROMIDE ACETYL CHLORIDE ALIZARIN ALLYL ALCOHOL AMMONIA ANILINE ANTHRACENE ARSENIC TRIBROMIDE ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE BENZALDEHYDE BENZENE BENZOIC ACID BENZONITRILE BENZYL ALCOHOL BENZYL BENZOATE BENZYLAMINE BROMINE 15 100 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 233 25 -79 25 230 35 25 25 — 125 25 25 25 25 17.2 1.7 <43 .0112 .48 .06 7 .006 2.4 .4 1.45 (?) 7 .13 .024 .0003 1.5 1.2 .15 .076 .003 .05 1.8 <.001 <.017 1.3 x 10–7 DIETHYL OXALATE DIETHYL SULFATE DIETHYLAMINE DIMETHYL SULFATE EPICHLOROHYDRIN ETHYL ACETATE ETHYL ACETOACETATE ETHYL ALCOHOL ETHYL BENZOATE ETHYL BROMIDE ETHYL ETHER ETHYL IODIDE ETHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE ETHYL NITRATE ETHYL THIOCYANATE ETHYLAMINE ETHYLENE BROMIDE ETHYLENE CHLORIDE ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE EUGENOL FORMAMIDE FORMIC ACID FURFURAL GALLIUM BROMOBENZENE BROMOFORM CAPRONITRILE CARBON DISULFIDE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE CHLORINE CHLOROACETIC ACID CHLOROFORM CHLOROHYDRIN CYANOGEN CYMENE DICHLOROACETIC ACID DICHLOROHYDRIN DIETHYL CARBONATE 25 25 25 1 18 -70 60 25 25 25 25 25 25 <.00002 <.02 3.7 7.8 x 10 –12 4 x 10 –12 <1 x 10 –10 1.4 <.02 .5 <.007 <.02 .07 12 .017 GLYCEROL GLYCOL GUAIACOL HEPTANE HEXANE HYDROGEN BROMIDE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROGEN CYANIDE HYDROGEN IODIDE HYDROGEN SULFIDE IODINE iso-BUTYLALCOHOL 20 GERMANIUM TETRABROMIDE TEMP.°C 25 25 -33.5 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 25 25 25 20 18 -80 -96 0 -35 -60 110 25 µMHOS/CM .76 .26 .0022 .16 .034 < .001 .04 .00135 <.001 < .02 < 4x10–7 .02 .126 .53 1.2 .4 <.0002 .03 <.17 .17 4 64 1.5 36,800 mhos 78 .064 .3 .28 <1x10 –7 <1x10 –12 .008 .01 3.3 .2 .00001 .00013 .08 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF VARIOUS PURE LIQUIDS (Data from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th edition) LIQUID TEMP.°C KEROSENE m-CHLOROANlLlNE m-CRESOL MERCURY METHYL ACETATE METHYL ALCOHOL METHYL IODIDE METHYL NITRATE METHYL THIOCYANATE METHYLETHYL KETONE NAPTHALENE NITROBENZENE NITROMETHANE NONANE o- or m- NlTROTOLUENE OLEIC ACID PENTANE PETROLEUM PHENETOLE PHENOL PHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE PHOSGENE PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE PINENE PIPERIDENE PROPIONALDEHYDE PROPIONIC ACID PROPIONITRILE µMHOS/CM LIQUID 25 18 25 25 25 25 82 0 18 25 25‘ 15 19.5 — <.017 .05 <.017 10,629.6 mhos 3.4 .44 <.02 4.5 1.5 .1 .0004 .005 .6 <.017 <.2 <.0002 <.0002 3 x 10 –7 n-PROPYL ALCOHOL iso-PROPYL ALCOHOL n-PROPYL BROMIDE PYRIDINE QUINOLINE SALICYLALDEHYDE STEARIC ACID SULFONYL CHLORIDE SULFUR SULFUR SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SULFURIC ACID SULFURYL CHLORIDE TOLUENE 25 25 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 25 <.017 <.017 1.4 .007 .4 2.2 <.0002 < .2 .85 <.001 < .1 25 25 25 0 o-TOLUIDINE p-TOLUIDINE TRICHLOROACETIC ACID TRIMETHYLAMINE TURPENTINE iso-VALERlC ACID WATER XYLENE TEMP.°C µMHOS/CM 25 25 25 18 25 25 80 25 115 130 440 35 25 25 — .02 3.5 < .02 .053 .022 .16 < 4x10 –7 2 1x10 –6 5x10 –5 .12 .015 10000 .03 < 1x10 –8 25 100 25 -33.5 — 80 18 — <2 .062 .003 .00022 2 x 10 –7 <4 x 10 –7 .044 1.43 x 10 –11 21 SUMMARY OF FORMULAE, CONVERSION DATA AND MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CT = CR [1 + tc (T – TR)] for the general case. boiling, and that a change of 5°C is matched by a change of 9°F. Thus, 35°C is seven “increments” above freezing. Multiply the seven by the Fahrenheit “increments” of 9 to obtain a Fahrenheit reading that is 63 degrees above freezing, or 95°F. CT = CR [1 + tc (T – 25)] for 25°C reference. 5. 1. To obtain the conductance at temperatures other than reference when the temperature coefficient is known: Concentration conversions: Multiply the original concentration value by the conversion factor shown. T = temperature of interest TR = reference temperature tc = temperature coefficient CT = conductivity at temperature of interest 6. CR = conductivity at reference C25 = conductivity at 25°C Resistance(ohms) = _______________________ Cell Constant x 106 µmhos of solution at 25°C 2. To obtain the conductance at 25°C when conductance values at two other temperatures are known: 7. To obtain the temperature coefficent, referenced to 25°C, when the conductance at any two temperatures is known: tc = (CT1 – CT2)/[CT2 (T1 – 25) – CT1(T2 – 25)] 4. Centigrade - Fahrenheit conversion: °C = 5/9(°F – 32) °F = 9/5(°C) + 32 A rule-of-thumb method for making the conversion is to recall the easily remembered values at freezing and FROM For a 1.0 cell constant: Conductance, µmhos 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 C25 = [CT2(T1 – 25) – CT1 (T2 – 25)]/(T1 – T2) 3. Resistance values to simulate contacting (electrode) sensor: Resistance, ohms 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 Here is an easy way to remember it — there are always a total of six zeros in the conductance/ resistance combination for the even decade values shown. So, 100 umhos, having two, will require a resistance with four, which is 10,000 ohms. Weight Conc. Molarity Molality Weight% Grams Solute ______________ Liter solution Wm 103p Wm _____________ 103 + C Wm 10p Molarity 1 ______ Wm Moles solute _____________ Liter Solution 103p _____________ 103 + CWm 10p _____ Wm Molality 103 ______________ Wm(103p – Wc) 103 _____________ 103p – MWm Moles Solute _____________ 1000 Grams Solvent 103 _______________ Wm(102 – W%) 1 _____ 10p Wm _____ 10p 102Wm ___________ 103 + CWm Grams Solute __________________ 100 Grams Solution TO Weight Conc. Weight % ppm = W% x 104 Wm = Molecular weight of solute (g) Wc = Weight concentration M = Molality 22 Normality = Molarity x Equivalents per mole p = Solution density (g/cm3) W%= Weight % C = Molarity TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS NAME SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At (227) 26.9815 (243) 121.75 39.948 74.9216 (210) Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Ba Bk Be Bi B Br 137.34 (245) 9.01218 208.9806 10.81 79.904 Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm 112.40 40.08 (248) 12.011 140.12 132.9055 35.453 51.996 58.9332 63.546 (247) Dysprosium Dy 162.50 Einsteinium Erbium Europium Es Er Eu (254) 167.26 151.96 Fermium Fluorine Francium Fm F Fr (253) 18.9984 (223) Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Gd Ga Ge Au 157.25 69.72 72.59 196.9665 Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe 178.49 4.00260 164.9303 1.0080 114.82 126.9045 192.22 55.847 Krypton Kr 83.80 Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium La Lr Pb Li Lu 138.9055 (257) 207.2 6.941 174.97 Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium Mg Mn Md 24.305 54.9380 (256) NAME SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT Mercury Molybdenum Hg Mo 200.59 95.94 Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No 144.24 20.179 237.0482 58.71 92.9064 14.0067 (254) Osmi um Oxygen Os O 190.2 1 5.9994 Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Po P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa 106.4 30.9738 195.09 239.05 210 39.102 140.9077 (147) 231.0359 Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru 226.0254 (222) 186.2 102.9055 85.4678 101.07 Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S 150.4 44.9559 78.96 28.086 107.868 22.9898 87.62 32.06 Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten (Wolfram) Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W 180.9479 98.9062 127.60 158.9254 204.37 232.0381 168.9342 118.69 47.90 183.85 Uranium U 238.029 Vanadium V 50.9414 Xenon Xe 131.30 Ytterbium Yttrium Yb Y 173.04 88.9059 Zinc Zirconium Zn Zr 65.37 91.22 23 CONDUCTANCE IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical, Constants, Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959) Conductance values at lower concentrations can be approximately determined by use of the following formula: _ 1000 C Ao (1-a 3C + bC ) Specific Conductance at 25°C ~ — Ao, a and b are obtained from the tables that follow. Parts Per million concentration _ ——————————————— C = Normality ~ 1000 X Equivalent weight The equivalent weight may be obtained from the tables also. The formula is useful for values of C between 0.0001 and 0.1 only. No allowance was made for solution density as it will be near that of pure water at lower concentrations. However, if it is known and greater accuracy is desired, simply multiply the value already calculated for C times the density to obtain a more precise answer. If normality is known, rather than ppm or wt. %, use it directly for C. Example 1: What is the specific conductance of a 10,000 ppm solution of silver nitrate at 25°C? _ 10,000/ C~ (1000 x 169.89) = .05886 Specific Conductance _ 1000 (.05886) (133.3) [(1-.68 3——— ~ .05886 + .35(.05886)] _ 6,713 mhos/cm ~ 24 How much would density correction affect the reading? The relative density at 10,000 ppm is 1.007 (at 20 C). C = 10,000 (1.007)/(1000 x 169 89) = .05927 Corrected for density Specific conductance _ 1000 (.05927) (133.3) [(1-.68 3——— ~ .05927 + .35(.05886)] _ 6,757 mhos ~ The error due to no density correction was less than 1%. Example 2: What is the specific conductance of a 0.01 N solution of KCI at 25°C? _ Specific Conductance~ ——— 1000 (.01) (149.8) [1-.63 3.01 + .64 (0.1)] _ 1,413 umhos/cm ~ Because C was given as normality, no density correction is necessary. Referring to the table of conductance values for standard KCI solutions, the measured value at 0.01N is 1411 umhos/cm. The calculated value of 1413 is, thus, in error by less than two-tenths of one percent. Not all calculations will be this close, but this approximation will be more than adequate for most industrial applications. _ 1000 CAo (1-a 3– Specific Conductance (25°C) ~ C + bC) where .0001  C  .1 C = Normality = ppm concentration/(1000 x equivalent weight) (Multiply ppm x density for greater accuracy.) Substance AgMnO4 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlBr3 AICI3 AII3 Al(NO3)3 BaAc2 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 BaCl2 Bal2 Ba(MnO4)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca2Fe(CN)6 Ca3[Fe(CN)6]2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdCl2 Cdl2 CdSO4 CoAc2 CoBr2 CoCl2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 CsCI CsOH CuAc2 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeCl2 FeSO4 GdBr3 GdCl3 Gdl3 HBr HBrO3 HCNS HCl HClO3 HClO4 H2CrO4 Hl HlO3 HMnO4 HNO3 KAc Equivalent Weight Ao(25°C) a b 226.81 169.87 155.90 88.90 44.45 135.90 71.00 127.72 148.58 196.57 104.13 195.58 187.61 130.68 85.68 99.95 55.50 73.03 90.71 82.05 68.07 136.11 91.66 183.11 104.23 118.04 109.38 64.92 91.47 77.50 168.40 74.96 90.82 71.73 67.22 93.78 79.80 63.38 75.97 132.33 87.87 179.32 80.92 128.92 59.09 36.46 84.46 100.46 59.01 127.91 175.91 119.95 63.01 98.15 122 133.3 t42 139 137.6 137.6 129.5 104.2 141.1 118 139.5 141 119 132 256 133.0 135.6 118 138 130.0 104 97 104 77 105 90.1 126 124.5 122.4 100 154.6 271 60 134 131 128.8 113 137 99 139.9 140 139 429.4 408 404 426.0 408 417 207 428 391.2 410 420 115.4 0.72 0.68 1.30 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.72 1.59 1.28 1.44 1.28 1.28 1.42 1.34 0.88 1.32 1.3 5.47 3.87 1.35 2.9 1.73 1.65 2.02 2.89 1.74 1.35 1.37 1.39 2.07 0.62 0.45 2.36 1.31 1.33 1.38 2.79 1.34 2.08 1.63 1.63 1.64 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.97 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.75 2.0 0.35 -3.5 2.2 2.0 3.1 2.2 1.7 1.78 1.4 1.74 2.7 1.4 1.2 0.0 2.1 1.8 11.0 7.2 2.0 3.6 0.95 0.9 1.38 3.7 1.4 1.9 1.2 20 1.65 -0.7 0.5 2.2 1.6 1.5 17 3.3 1.05 1.7 3.2 2.5 4.0 0.35 -5.0 0.37 0.38 0.4 0.4 2.2 0.42 -4.7 0.2 0.36 1.3 Min./Max. ppm for use of Formula 20 16 15 8 4 13 7 12 14 19 10 19 18 13 8 9 5 7 9 8 6 13 9 18 10 11 10 6 9 7 16 7 9 7 6 9 7 6 7 13 8 17 8 12 5 3 8 10 5 12 17 11 6 9 - 23,000 17,000 16,000 9,000 5,000 14,000 8,000 13,000 15,000 20,000 11,000 20,000 19,000 14,000 9,000 10,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 9,000 7,000 14,000 10,000 19,000 11,000 12,000 11,000 7,000 10,000 8,000 17,000 8,000 10,000 8,000 7,000 10,000 8,000 7,000 8,000 14,000 9,000 18,000 9,000 13,000 6,000 4,000 9,000 11,000 6,000 13,000 18,000 12,000 7,000 10,000 25 Substance KBr KBrO3 KCNS KCl KCLO3 K2CrO4 KF K4Fe(CN)6 K3Fe(CN)6 K2Fe(CN)5NO Kl KlO3 KMnO4 KNO3 KOH K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO3 Li2CrO4 Lil LiNO3 LiOH Li2SO4 MgBr2 MgCrO4 Mg2Fe(CN)6 Mg(NO3)2 Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4CNS NH4Cl NH4IO3 NH4Pic (NH4)2SO4 NaAc NaBr NaBrO3 NaCNS Na2CO3 NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 NaCrO4 NaF Na4Fe(CN)6 NaHCO3 Nal NaNO3 NaOH 26 Equivalent Weight Ao(25°C) a b 119.01 167.01 97.18 74.56 122.55 97.10 58.10 92.09 109.75 147.07 166.01 214.00 158.04 101.11 56.11 87.14 86.85 42.39 90.39 64.93 133.84 68.94 23.95 54.97 92.07 70.15 65.14 74.16 29.17 60.19 107.38 62.92 75.50 97.95 76.12 53.49 192.94 246.14 66.07 82.03 102.90 150.90 81.07 53.00 58.44 106.44 122.44 161.97 41.99 75.98 84.01 149.89 84.99 40.01 151.7 129.4 140.0 149.8 138.7 156 128 169 167.8 136.4 150.8 115 136 144.5 271 151.4 121.4 115 104.1 123.6 117.7 111 236.5 119.2 129 125 172 129.0 257 116 128 126 109 155 140.8 150.5 117 104.4 149.9 91.1 126.0 106.1 110.5 124.1 126.5 115 110 132 106 155 96.0 127.0 123 246.5 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.63 0.66 1.22 0.70 2.48 1.56 1.32 0.63 0.53 0.67 o.64 0.45 1.24 0.72 0.75 0.81 1.46 0.74 0.77 0.48 1.48 1.34 2.64 4.75 1.35 0.87 2.75 1.34 1.36 2.84 0.62 0.65 0.63 0.74 0.80 1.25 0.89 0.70 0.79 0.77 1.47 0.70 0.75 0.77 1.38 0.79 2.74 0.85 0.70 0.72 0.47 0.62 0.48 0.63 0.64 0.4 1.3 0.5 3.6 1.8 1.9 0.62 0.4 0.5 0.36 0.4 1.14 0.5 0.78 0.3 1.5 0.8 0.45 0.5 1.4 2.2 3.2 13 1.8 2.1 3.7 1.7 1.6 3.8 0.60 0.5 0.49 0 0.9 1.1 0.34 0.5 0.60 0.75 1.6 0.74 0.6 0.6 1.5 0.6 4.7 0.6 0.80 0.36 0.3 Min./Max. ppm for use of Formula 11 16 9 7 12 9 5 9 10 14 16 20 15 10 5 8 8 4 9 6 13 6 2 5 9 7 6 7 2 6 10 6 7 9 7 5 19 24 6 8 10 15 8 5 5 10 12 16 4 7 8 14 8 4 - 12,000 17,000 10,000 8,000 13,000 10,000 6,000 10,000 11,000 15,000 17,000 22,000 16,000 11,000 6,000 9,000 9,000 5,000 10,000 7,000 14,000 7,000 3,000 6,000 10,000 8,000 7,000 8,000 3,000 6,000 11,000 7,000 8,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 20,000 25,000 7,000 9,000 11,000 16,000 9,000 6,000 6,000 11,000 13,000 17,000 5,000 8,000 9,000 15,000 9,000 4,000 Substance NaPic Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 NiAc2 NiBr2 NiCl2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl Rbl RbOH SnlBr3 SmCl3 Sml3 SrAC2 SrBr2 SrCl2 Sr(NO3)2 TlCl TlCIO3 TlOH YBr3 YCl3 Yl3 ZnAc2 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4 Me3HNCl Me4Nl Me4NPic Et4Nl Et4NPic Pr4Nl Ac Et Me Pic Pr = = = = = Equivalent Weight Ao(25°C) a b 251.09 71.02 79.06 88.40 109.27 64.81 91.36 77.39 139.05 165.60 165.37 120.92 212.37 102.48 130.02 85.57 177.02 102.86 123.72 79.27 105.82 239.82 ~87.82 221.38 137.59 65.09 156.54 91.73 112.60 68.14 94.69 80.72 95.56 201.03 290.22 257.15 346.34 313.27 81. 129.0 135.0 89.5 127 123.3 124.5 100 145.0 135.7 148 153 145.3 272 140.2 139.8 138.5 101 136.0 136.0 131.8 150.3 137.6 276.1 141 136 143.8 88 159 130 125 105 123.6 118.6 76 108 63 100 0.97 1.39 1.36 1.75 1.34 1.37 1.37 2.7 1.26 1.32 0.63 0.62 0.64 0.45 1.63 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.30 1.30 1.34 0.63 0.65 0.45 1.63 1.67 1.60 1.77 1.23 1.48 1.37 2.90 0.71 0.73 1.02 0.78 1.18 0.83 0.7 1.50 1.60 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 -7.0 0.89 0.2 0.7 0.65 0.5 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.0 1.8 1.74 1.5 -1.3 0.45 0.45 2.8 3.5 2.6 1.2 0.7 2.3 2.2 4.2 0.76 0.35 0.5 –.– –.– –.– Min./Max. ppm for use of Formula 25 7 7 8 10 6 9 7 13 16 16 12 21 10 12 8 17 10 12 7 10 23 28 22 13 6 15 9 11 6 9 8 9 20 29 25 34 31 - 26,000 8,000 8,000 9,000 11,000 7,000 10,000 8,000 14,000 17,000 17,000 13,000 22,000 11,000 14,000 9,000 18,000 11,000 13,000 9,000 11,000 25,000 30,000 23,000 14,000 7,000 16,000 10,000 12,000 7,000 10,000 8,000 10,000 21,000 30,000 26,000 35,000 32,000 Acetate Ethyl Methyl Picrate Propyl 27 CONDUCTANCE IN DILUTE NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959) All comments, formulae, etc. regarding aqueous solutions will apply here as well (except as noted regarding limits for C and temperature). ACETONITRIDE AT 25°C Solute AgNO3 Kl 1/3TlBr3 1/3TICl3 Pr4NClO4 Pr4Nl Pr4NPic Am4Nl CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)CIO4 C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4 Ao a b 150.0 181.4 140.5 170.4 172.3 169.6 146.3 152.0 160.9 156.7 2.28 2.02 2.39 2.09 2.08 2.10 2.32 2.26 2.18 2.22 1.4 1.5 5.9 2.1 2.4 10.0 14.0 1.0 4.0 5.0 Ao a b 192.0 188.0 197.0 89.0 113.3 105.8 106.8 101.5 94.2 100.7 101.8 106.9 82.0 91.0 98.4 107.8 95.7 98.4 91.4 117.6 96.8 86.9 102.4 97.4 94.4 82.0 1.78 1.79 1.76 2.73 2.34 2.45 2.42 2.51 2.53 2.52 2.50 2.43 2.88 2.67 2.56 2.42 2.60 2.55 2.68 2.30 2-58 2.77 2.49 2.57 2.63 2.88 2.0 2.0 2.5 4.1 5.1 5.5 1.0 5.5 3.0 5.0 4.1 6.0 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.8 5.6 5.0 4.6 2.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 2.8 3.8 METHANOL AT 25°C Solute HBr HCI Hl KCH3(CH2)COO Kl KOH KOCH3 LiCHS LiCI LiNO3 NaBr NaCNS NaCH3(CH2)3COO NaC6HCH3(NO2)3O NaCI Nal NaOH NaOH3 NaPic Et4Nl Me3NCH2Phl (C5H11)Nl C3H5H2Pic i-C4H9H3NCl C5H12NC6HMc(NO2)3O PhH3NC6HMc(NO2)3O 28 Solute 1/2 Ba (NO3)2 1/2 Ca (NO3)2 CsCI CsNO3 KCNS KCI Kl LiNO3 NH4Cl NH4l NH4NO3 NaBr 1/2Na2CrO4 Nal NaNO3 NaHCOO NaPhCOO NaSalicylate NaPhSO3 RbBr RbCI Rbl RbNO3 1/2Sr(NO3)2 Me4NCl Me4Nl Et4NCl Et4Nl Solute CsCI KBr KCNS KCI KClO4 Kl KNO3 LiBr LiCNS LiCI LilCO4 Lil LiNO3 NaBr NaCNS NaClO4 Nal NaNO3 NaPic RbCI Et4NPic FORMAMIDE AT 25°C Ao 30.3 31.6 29.0 29.4 28.7 28.0 27.7 25.0 30.4 30.5 33.6 25.7 26.0 25.0 28.3 25.1 20.0 20.6 20.7 28.3 28.2 28.0 28.6 32.0 28.7 25.0 28.7 25.0 a 1.33 1.29 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.83 0.72 0.72 0.67 0.81 1.56 0.83 0.76 o.83 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.75 1.28 0.75 0.83 0.75 0.83 HYDROGEN CYANIDE AT 18°C b = 0 Valid to C = 10–5N. Ao 368.2 363.2 358.0 363.4 353-3 363.3 353.9 356.9 340.6 345.4 336.9 348.0 336.6 343.8 337.7 335.5 344.9 333.8 266.9 363.2 282.3 b 1.33 1.00 0.75 0.61 1.20 0.90 1.04 1.05 1.60 1.10 0.60 0.80 1.80 1.18 0.63 0.65 0.78 0.60 0.75 1.10 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 1.10 0.65 1.10 A 200 248 243 280 275 235 253 270 400 335 230 258 402 243 230 235 238 250 195 195 215 29 SULPHUR DIOXIDE AT 0°C Solute Ph3CCl04 Ph2C(C6H4Me)ClO4 PhC(C6H4Me)2ClO4 C(C6H4Me)3Cl C(C6H4Me)3ClO4 Ph2C(C6H4Ph)Cl C(C6H4Ph)3Cl Ph2C(p-C6H4OMe)Cl Ph2C(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4 C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4 PhC(p-C6H4NO2)(p-C6H4OMe)Cl C(p-C6H4NO2)2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4 C(p-C6H4NO2)(p-C6H4OMe)2ClO4 Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4Nl Me3Sl Ao a b 153.6 149.8 141.3 168.5 150.0 78.3 5.0 169.1 148.0 144.4 90.0 103.5 123.0 160.5 160.8 166.0 150.2 5.03 4.93 5.06 4.69 4.92 6.83 5.00 4.68 4.95 5.03 5.97 5.86 5.39 4.80 4.79 4.72 4.93 17.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 12.0 13.0 17.0 16.0 20.0 17.0 20.0 11.8 11.8 12.0 12.0 Ao a b 161.0 152.0 89.1 160.0 160.2 3.71 3.83 5.34 3.72 3.72 6.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 8.0 ACETONE AT 25°C Solute Nal Pr4Nl C5Hl2NPic CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4 C(p-C6H4OMe)3ClO4 30 HYDRAZINE AT 0°C Solute 1/2 Cdl2 HCI HPhCOO HPh3CCOO HCH2NO3 Hm–C6H4(NO2)O KCI Nam–C6H4(NO2)O Et4Nl HCI KClO4 Kl 25°C NaClO4 Nal Et4NCl { Ao a b 76.0 103.0 85.9 74.8 87.0 86.4 85.0 58.1 66.6 153.9 128.2 130.0 110.0 112.5 99.7 1.97 0.858 0.950 1.03 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.21 0.87 0.90 0.90 0.99 1.09 1.07 1.16 2.2 0.7 0.0 –4.0 –3.0 –5.0 1.0 4.0 –1.0 0.6 0.6 1.3 14 0.8 1.6 Ao a b 241.7 183.8 245.5 295.7 108.7 230.0 155.0 225.7 240.2 206.9 265.1 224.8 201.8 219.6 198.7 249.0 202.5 183.0 210.0 3.92 4.48 3.89 3.59 6.55 4.01 5.14 4.05 3.92 4.22 3.76 4.05 4.27 4.32 4.3 3.86 4.26 4.43 4.19 8.0 9.0 7.3 6.0 13.0 8.0 10.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 7.2 8.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 98 8.0 6.9 AMMONIA AT –33°C Solute AgNO3 HCI HNO3 Kl KNH2 KPh2N KPh3BNH2 LiNO3 NaBr NaCI Nal NaNO3 NaEtS NaPhS NaPh2N NaMe3Sn NaPh3BNH2 Et2HNCl Me3Sl 31 ETHANOL AT 25°C Solute Ao HBr HCI Hl Kl KOH LiCI LiNO3 NH4CCl3COO NH4Cl NH4Pic NaBr NaCCl3COO Nal NaOH Me3NCH2Phl C5Hl2NCl C5Hl2NPic CPh2(p-C6H4OMe)ClO4 CPh(p-C6H4OMe)2ClO4 77.3 70.5 81.4 46.5 42.0 37.0 40.7 37.0 39.7 40.8 39.0 34.3 46.0 38.0 43.4 37.0 37.5 61.4 60.3 a 2.62 2.74 2.57 3.42 3.63 3.90 3.70 3.93 3.75 3.70 3.80 4.12 3.44 3.86 3.56 3.92 3.90 3.02 2.97 b 4.1 3.6 4.5 6.4 6.0 7.0 6.8 6.2 6.2 6.0 10.0 6.6 7.0 6.8 5.8 6.0 5.6 6.0 7.0 FORMIC ACID AT 25°C Solute CsHCOO KHCOO LiHCOO NH4HCOO NaHCOO RbHCOO PhNH3HCOO KCl 8.50°C Me4NCl { Ao 75.2 79.6 75.7 82.4 75.7 81.1 75.8 35.82 35.70 a 1.06 1.03 1.06 1.01 1.06 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.12 b 1.4 1.5 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.94 0.94 DIMETHYL-FORMAMIDE AT 25°C b = o Solute KBr KCNS KClO4 Kl KNO3 NaBr NaCNS Nal NaNO3 32 Ao A 84.1 90.2 82.7 82.6 88.5 83.4 89.5 81.9 87.9 154 151 137 137 214 165 171 138 263 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS (Data obtained from Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Parsons; Academic Press/Butterworths, 1959) Concentration Conductance, µmhos/cm 0°C 18°C 20°C 25°C 1N KCl 71.3828 g KCl per kg solution 65,430 98,201 102,024 111,733 0.1N KCl 7.43344 g KCl per kg solution 7,154.3 11,191.9 11,667.6 12,886.2 0.01N KCl 0.746558 g KCl per kg solution 775.12 1,222.69 1,275.72 1,411.45 33 The right people, the right answers, right now. 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